The Middle-Lower Housing References Kaiser F.G., Wolfing S, Fuhrer U. 1999. Environmental Attitude

and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 352 From the analysis result of average value, so that can be interpreted that denunciating consumer to developer for The Middle-Lower Housing are listed as follows: indoor installation, door-window, floor, plafond, roof, wall, finishing and exterior and interior. c. The Merger of Two Housing Table 4: Average value of merger housing Research Variables Average Value Wall 4.1435 Floor 3.6900 Door-window 4.3760 Roof 3.6815 Plafond 3.7825 Indoor installation 4.1935 Finishing 3.6450 Exterior and interior 3.4355 4,144 3,69 4,376 3,6815 3,7825 4,1935 3,645 3,4355 Wall Floor Door-window Roof Plafond Indoor Installation Finishing Ext-Interior Figure 3. Average value of merger housing From the analysis result of average value, so that can be interpreted that denunciating consumer to developer for The Merger of Housing are listed as follows: door-window, indoor installation, wall, plafond, floor, roof, finishing and exterior and interior. Conclusions The analysis result shows that denunciating of consumer to result of developer for The Middle-Upper Housing are listed as follows: door-windows, wall, indoor installation, floor, roof, plafond, finishing and exterior and interior. For The Middle-Lower Housing are listed as follows: indoor installation, door-window, floor, plafond, roof, wall, finishing and exterior and interior. And for The Merger of Housing are listed as follows: door-window, and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 353 indoor installation, wall, plafond, floor, roof, finishing and exterior and interior. References Best R.J. 2000 Market-Based Management. Second Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Gaspersz V. 2002 Total Quality Management. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Hanna N., Wozniak R. 2001 Consumer Behaviour: An Applied Approach. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Landin A., Carl-Henric N. 2001 Do Quality Systems Really Make A Difference. Journal of Building Research and Information. 291: 12-20 Miles M.E. et.al 2000 Real Estate Development: Principles and Process. Third Edition. Washington DC: Urban Land Institute. Mowen, J.C. 1993 Consumer Behaviour. Third Edition. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company. Santoso B. 2000. Realestate: Sebuah Konsep ilmu dan Problema Pengembang Indonesia. Jakarta: School of Real Estate. Wurtzebach C.H., Mike, E.M. 1994 Modern Real Estate. Fifth Edition. New York: John Wiley Sons. and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 354 UNDERSTANDING URBAN KAMPONG IN INDONESIAN URBANITY Case Study: Kapongs in The City Center of Bandung Yohanes Basuki Dwisusanto Department of Architecture, Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung-Indonesia Corresponding author: jbasehome.unpar.ac.id Abstract The kampong as a physical and social reality of Indonesian cities has been officially recognized since the beginning of the 20th century and yet is still believed to be an important element of urban character. The history of urban development has proved that kampongs can accommodate the majority of urban dwellers although their existence is recurrently mistreated. The kampong is an inseparable part and unique character of the city and has contributed to shaping Indonesian urbanity. Kampong phenomenon has recently attracted a significant number of studies. Unfortunately, these investigations are rarely undertaken in the framework of explaining its spatial and architectural aspects. Indeed, there is a need for studies to elucidate the spatial linkage between kampong and the city as a whole. This study aims to reveal and elucidate the spatial linkages between the kampong and the periphery of its urban block in order to comprehend the position of the urban kampong in Indonesian urbanity. Important findings of this study consist of the following: First, a way of looking at the kampong as a reality. As a reality, the kampong is an accordance between social and spatial organization. Second, permeability of the kampong’s frame affects the spatial linkage between the kampong and its urban block. There are at least three kinds of contribution that can be offered by this study. First, the enrichment of the architectural vocabulary of theory and methodology to deal with the issues of the kampong in the city. Second, propositions for the improvement of kampong settlements in the city center. Third, recommendations for policy-makers to develop a sounder and more equitable urban development policies and strategies. Keywords: kampong, urbanity, spatial linkages, kampong framing. and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 355

1. INTRODUCTION

History affirmed that kampong is the embryo of Indonesian cities. Kampong is a local element in Indonesian cities’ modernization. The coexistence of “kampong” and “urban” social life patterns brings about the urbanity that has a dual social characters. This came along with the dual city concept which had been stated by Castell 1989 when he justified urbanity in developing countries. The phenomenon physically was marked by the occurrence of segregation and fragmentation between rational-formal modern and organic-informal parts Balbo, M., 1993:25-26 and by conflicts in the using and the meaning of public spaces Kimaryo, J.L., 1996:26-28. It does not astonish that in urbanity in Indonesia, the issues of kampong versus city, traditional versus modern, informal versus formal, spontaneous versus planned, are always stated to have contrast characters and conflicting to each other. In fact the characters of kampong and city link up to each other in a unique urbanity Sihombing,2004. This came along with the description by Siregar 1990 in the metaphor of overlapping city. Along this time, kampong is often presumed as a problem of city’s modernization and always in an uncertain position in modern city planning. The treatment of kampong tends to be reactive and partial which assumes that it is not an integral part of a city. The reformation era evokes a new chance and consciousness of the importance of kampong’s roles in the city. The concerns to raise the issue of kampong as a city’s local element are at least based on three main reasons, i.e.: [1] kampong accommodates most of city dwellers, [2] kampong is physical manifestation of urban population needsaspiration and there is a close relation between kampong physical condition and socio-economic community condition, [3] city development activities tend to put the kampong’s existence on the side. Although the kampong as a social phenomenon in the cities in Indonesia has attracted the attentions of lots of experts e.g. Krausse, G.H., 1975; Haryadi, 1989; Jellinek, L., 1991; Sumantri, G.R., 1995, the efforts to understand kampong reality in Indonesian urbanity as a physical element spatial- architectural have not been enough. Kampong physical reality is involved with forms and organized spaces. Therefore, the understanding of kampong reality which departs from physical- spatial aspects does not mean to ignore social aspects.

2. PROBLEM OF SPATIAL LINKAGES

The reality of kampong existence as a local element has not been fully understood. Kampong as the concept or the city settlement reality is “a basic ingredient” to be applied to do a creative experiments in articulating Indonesian urbanity to balance the homogenizing forces of modernism and capitalism. and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 356 One of the challenges in city developments, which has not still be seriously dealt with, is doing city modernizations with the sensibility of kampong reality as a local element and to integrate it into the urban system. Therefore, the opinion that ignores kampong as a local concept in the city development also means rejecting the apt reality of urbanity in Indonesia. Architecturally, a city can be perceived as a whole unity which includes a planned part of city and an organic one which grows spontaneously along with the community needs. The difference between the space configuration which is created spontaneously, informally, and is a result of formal rational planning, can actually strengthen the urban characters. As a settlement area, kampong does not be able to be disintegrated from the other parts of a city. In other words, physical-spatially, those two spatial configurations should be integrated. Both physically and socially, kampong is the part of the city which always exists and be needed in urban life in Indonesia. In Bandung and lots of other big cities, kampong is a type of settlement which has been there from the beginning of the city; therefore, it takes role in building the city characters and morphologies. On the other hand, the city development which is held along this time tends not to be aware or even neglect kampong’s roles in the city modernization process. Therefore, one of the purposes of this study is explaining the kampong’s existence and roles in the city. Such issue is a real challenge in city developments. In the discipline of architecture, the problems of spatial linkages between the kampong and the city are almost neglected in understandings urbanity in Indonesia.

3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This study questions the position of kampong in Indonesian urbanity by revealing the physical-spatial integration between kampong and the other parts of a city. Architecturally, kampong is an artifact of the city which possesses a unique space configuration. The distinctiveness of its configuration makes kampong has “a forming value” of city physical characters. As a city system, the kampong space configurations are related to each other and cannot be disintegrated from the particular city part which surrounds it. To clarify the working thesis, this study pursues the answers of these following questions: [1] How to explain kampong’s roles in the city? [2] How to understand kampong as the forming force of the city’s physical character?

4. RESEARCH METHODS

A city as a system consists of parts which are interacting and influencing one another. Kampong physical-spatial