Dick and Carey’s Instructional Design Model
10 2.
Conducting Instructional Analysis An instructional analysis is a set of procedure to identify relevant steps for
learners to reach the goal. In this step, it is important to examine each step to determine what skills and knowledge are necessary for learners. Thereafter, a
designer is required to identify the major clusters of information that learners must recall.
3. Analyzing Learners and Contexts
In this step, the designer needs to search for information of learners’
characteristics such as behavior, motivation, attitude, prior knowledge, and also learners’ skills. The designer could administer questionnaire and survey to obtain
information about learners’ interest, goal, attitude, and self-reported skills. This step aims to help the
designer understand learners’ characteristics and adjust contexts in which learners will learn the skills and use the contexts.
4. Writing Performance Objective
The designer writes the objectives, specific statements, and detail descriptions of what learners will be able to do after they complete a unit of
instruction. The objectives should begin with the behaviors that are described in the skill statements.
5. Developing Assessment Instruments
The n ext step is to develop assessment to measure learners’ ability and
performances based on previous objectives. There are four types of tests the designer can create in this section, for instance entry skill test, pretest, rehearsal
tests, and posttests.
11 6.
Developing Instructional Strategy The strategy in this step refers to varieties of teaching and learning
activities. The designer identifies the strategy that is going to be used in order to achieve the goals. The next part is to identify how the strategy is useful in
engaging learners to learn. In developing instructional strategy there are five sequences that should be considered. They are indicating the formula of objective,
indicating the approach used to pre-instructional activities, indicating the contents to be presented, defining media and time allocation, and reviewing the entire
strategy again. 7.
Developing and Selecting Instructional Materials Instructional materials refer to media that
will be used such as instructor’s guides, learners reading list, power point, and video to produce instruction.
Therefore, it is important to select instructional materials that are suitable for learners. It also means that all the instructional materials should help the learners
learn efficiently. 8.
Designing and Conducting Formative Evaluation of Instruction The designer needs to develop a set of draft evaluations to collect data in
order to modify existing instruction and materials. The thing that should be considered in the draft evaluation is the main components of materials such as
objectives, entry skills, contents, clarity, size of unit, and sequence. Afterward, the designer will revise the instructions and make it more efficient and effective. The
purpose of this step is to pinpoint specific errors in the materials and to correct them.
12 9.
Revising Instruction The last step, the designer collects the data from the formative evaluation
to find out and to examine the validity of all previous steps. All the data should be synthesized and analyzed in order to locate the potential problem. Afterward, the
designer revises and develops the materials revision.