Nababan 2003: 25 states there are three steps in the process of translation. The first is the analysis of source language text. Analyze the text by first reading the
source text and get the meaning in the text. And also analyze the linguistics and extra- linguistics elements in the text. Linguistics elements is the elements that deals with
language, while extra-linguistics is the elements beyond the language, such as the culture and the social context of the text. In analyzing the linguistics elements, we
analyze the text in the level of sentence, clause, phrase, and word. At the end we can get the full understanding of the meaning in the source text. The second step is
transferring the meaning. The translator has to find the equivalent of the source text. This process happens in the mind of translator. This process is in the abstract form.
The last step is restructuring. After finding the equivalent of source text, the translator is restructuring the form of target language becoming target text and decide the style
to get natural translation.
2.4 Type of Translation
No statement of the principles of correspondence in translating can be complete without recognizing the many different types of translations Herbert P.
Phillips 1959. Larson 1984: 15 states that the translation is classified into two major types.
They are form based and meaning based translation. Form-based translations attempt to follow the form of the source language and known as literal translations. If the two
languages are related, the literal translation can be understood, since the similar general grammatical form. Meaning based translations make every effort to
communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. It’s called idiomatic translations. Idiomatic translation uses the
natural form of the target language, both in the grammatical constructions and in the choice of lexical items.
A truly idiomatic translation doesn’t sound like a translation. It will give the sense of original for the reader. The translator should produce a text which has the
same message as the source language but using the natural grammatical and lexical choices of the target language, his goal is an idiomatic translation.
Based on Catford 1965: 21, there are 3 broad types or categories of translation in terms of the extent, levels, and ranks. The first is Extent Full and Partial translation.
In a full translation, the entire text is submitted to the translation process, that is very part of the source text is replaced by the target text. In a partial translation, some parts
of the source text are not translated. They are simply transferred in the target text. The second is Level Total and Restricted translation. Total translation is the translation
in which all levels of the source text are replaced by the target text material. Total translation means a replacement of source text grammar and lexis by equivalent target
grammar and lexis with consequential replacement of source language phonology by non-equivalent target text phonology. Restricted translation means a replacement of
source text material by equivalent target text material at only one level. That’s translation only at the phonological or at the graphology level, or at one of the two
levels of grammar and lexis. The third is Ranks Ranks of Translation. It relates to the rank in a grammatical or phonological hierarchy at which translation
equivalence is established. Newmark 1995: 45, distinguish 8 eight kinds of translation.
1. Word-for-word translation It is interlinear translation, with the target text immediately below the source
text words. The source text word-order is preserved and the words translated
singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to
understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
1. Literal translation
The source text grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest target text equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved. 3. Faithful translation
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the target text grammatical structures. It
‘transfers’ cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical ‘abnormality’ deviation from source text norms in the translation. It attempts to
be completely faithful to the intention and the text-realization of the source text writer.
4. Semantic translation Semantic translation differs from ‘faithful translation’ only as far as it must
take more account of the aesthetic value of the source text, compromising on ‘meaning’ where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in
the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it
may make other small concessions to the readership. The types of translation from 1- 4 is what called source language oriented translation
5. Adaptation This is the ‘freest’ form of translation. It is used mainly for plays comedies
and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the source text cultures converted to the target text culture and the text rewritten.
6. Free translation Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content
without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called ‘intra-lingual translation’, often prolix and pretentious, and
not translation at all. 7. Idiomatic translation
Idiomatic translation reproduces the ‘message’ of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these
do not exist in the original. 8. Communicative translation
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable
and comprehensible to the readership. The types of translation from 5 - 8 is called target language oriented translation.
Jakobson, in his article entitled ‘On Linguistic Aspects of Translation’ in McGuire, 1991:14 says that there are 3 types of translation. The first is Intralingual
translation, or rewording. It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language. The second is interlingual translation or translation
proper. It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. The third is Intersemiotic translation or transmutation. It is an interpretation of verbal
signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems.
2.5 Shifts
