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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. LITERATURE REVIEW
1. The Teaching of Writing
a. The Nature of Writing
Before going further to the discussion of ways to enhance the students ‟ writing
performance by using photographs, some experts‟ opinion about the writing skills will
be presented here. Writing is classified as a productive skill especially in the written form. According to Spratt, Pulverness, and Williams 2003:26, writing involves the
writers to convey their information or message into a text so that it will be understood by others. The information or messages which are conveyed should be well planned and
organized so that the reader can get the point on what the writers‟ purpose in writing. It can be determined that writing reflects a form of communication to express experience,
thoughts, and emotions in written form. Subsequently, Nunan 2003:88 adds that writing skills also involve a physical
and a mental act. Mainly, the physical act of committing words or ideas is involved by writing through some media for instance an email message typed into a computer while
the mental act is involved through the process of inventing ideas, thinking how to express them, even how to organize them becoming the right statement and paragraph
so that the reader could get the ideas easily. This explanation seems to be in accordance
with the aims of writing; they are writing to express and impress the writer‟s idea to the reader.
Lenneberg 1976, cited in Brown 2000:334, claims that writing is the culturally, specific, learned behaviour. It has the implication that people learn to write as
they become members of literate society. So they require someone to teach them writing. Another researcher, Tangpermpoon 2008 states that writing skills require
some deals related to which are lexical and syntactic knowledge along with principles of organizations in second language to create a good writing product. They should get
more attention on their lexical also syntactic aspects while doing writing process in second language so that the reader can categorize their written product as good even
comprehensible. Oshima and Hogue 1999:3 say that writer s‟ rhetorical form choices
are determined by the purpose of a piece of writing when the writers decide to produce. This brings to
the situation that the writers‟ purpose of writing will affect the rhetorical form followed.
In addition to that Emig 1977, in Smith 2003, suggests that a means for self- discovery and leaning are done during writing process. Later, the learning process can
be facilitated by writing as it includes the process in making experience, thoughts, emotions, and so many others. There are also several activities simultaneously
performed such as when the writers plan, discover, and think what they want to write.
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