e. Reporting the outcomes.
In the final stage, how the research and findings would be presented to others and how to organize the entire process of this research form the beginning to the end just the
analysis and findings were reported.
D. Research Validity Reliability
According to Burns 1999, there are five criteria to achieve the validity of research; they are democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic
validity, and dialogic validity. To fulfil this criteria, I did some steps they are:
1. Democratic Validity
When conducting this research, some interview to some students and English teacher in finding and selecting the problems which would be solved were done.
2. Outcome Validity
The result of this research could be expected to solve more than one problem. It can be used not only for teaching and learning process also encou
raging students‟ writing skills, self-confidence even motivation.
3. Process Validity
To get the process validity, some steps in this study were done through first doing classroom activities observation, then making field notes during the lessons, after that
interviewing students and the teacher, finally having discussion with the school principle to conduct the study in the scheduled time.
4. Dialogic Validity
To get the dialogic validity, the teacher were asked to act as an observer who observed and reported
the students‟ reaction during the teaching and learning process in implementing photographs in class.
5. Catalytic Validity
Catalytic validity means that the participants were allowed to deepen their understanding about the social realities of the context and how they can make change
within it. To get the catalytic validity, some interview to the students and the teacher were done for knowing their perceptions of the problem and the understanding of their
roles in the research. Then the reliability of the research will be got by giving some collected data,
such as the field notes, interview transcript and other records. Burns 1999 proposes 4 triangulation techniques for find the trustworthiness, and three of triangulations were
used in this research study, they are:
1. Time Triangulation
The data are collected at one point in time or over a period of time to get sense of what are involved in the processes of the changes.
2. Investigator Triangulation
This research will involve more than one observer to avoid observer being biased and to provide checks on the reliability of the observation. According to Burns and
Grove 2001, the potential for bias that may occur in a study conducted by a single investigator will be reduced by the use of investigator triangulation.
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