g. Aspects of Writing
When dealing with writing, there are some conventions that writers should pay attention more. Two mains conventions are stated by Oshima and Hogue 1999:18.
These are about coherence and cohesion. Coherence is defined as connection in ideas to idea level. The word coherence originally means hold together. The rhetorical aspects of
one‟s writing which are developing and supporting arguments, synthesising and integrating, organizing and clarifying ideas assumes as coherence concerned. There are
four ways that the writer can do to achieve coherence level. The first one is repeating key nouns. Second, writers can use pronouns that refer back to the noun. Third is about
using some transactional signal to show the later ideas related to the former. Fourth, the writers should arrange the ideas to be the well- organized.
Cohesion means the connection of ideas at sentence level. The grammatical aspects of writing have become the focus for the writer. These affect the tone of writing
product. Though some writing instructors may say that writers will not lose the points in the case of grammatical errors, they may lose points if their tone of writing is sloppy
and looked too casual for the academic writing.
2. Teaching and Learning Writing in Junior High Schools
a. Teaching Teenagers
The junior high school students can be classified as teenagers. Lemke 2003:81 in Legutke 2010 describes teenagers as
hetrochrounous
subject as they are in the medium level of change from children to adults. During their process of changing,
the globalization era impacts to their social life. They like accessing, using, and learning modern technology. It is accordance to Palfrey Grasser 2008 and Rosen 2007 in
Legutke describes them as digital natives. The digital natives means that they grown up with computer and multimedia cell phones technologies. They like to expand their
social relations in the real worlds to virtual communities friendship through some online networks also prospered to express themselves using some representation in the net such
as in Facebook, Path, and Instagram. Then, as the digital natives, students can easily access the huge amounts of
multi-model texts and construct them through collocating written with visual besides audio visual. Harmer 2007:83 states that the search of identity becomes the important
points to give them challenge. As the result, teenagers are considered having big capacity to learn, creative, and a passionate commitment of things, interested in.
These characteristics affect the teaching learning process in class so the teacher should consider in accommodating the teenagers‟ need based on their characteristics
mentioned formerly. Furthermore, Leegutke also suggests some ways in accommodating the teenagers‟ need namely, 1 teachers should search appropriate
topics, tasks, and texts used in teaching learning process, 2 students are provided some supporting learning resources material by the teacher during teaching and learning
process, 3 some supporting meetings can be done for the students in order to test their language abilities beyond the world of the classroom, and 4 teachers should think of
some appropriate actions for the students such as in decision making and negotiation of classroom procedures.
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