Instructional Media LITERATURE REVIEW

images in reality but also to become fun element in class. There are some reasons why these media is suitable for the language teaching since they give motivation and draw attention from learners. They also provide a sense of context of the language with a specific reference and stimulus. This is in line with Wright 2004:2 statement that pictures contribute a lot in making learners interested and motivated. Pictures also reinforce a sense of context of language, and they become a specific reference points and stimulus. He also designs some activities and games that can be done through using pictures under two main categories, they are challenges and opportunities. “Challenges” refers to the activities that have a definable goal. This goal will lead to some predictable need for certain language forms while “opportunities” offers some activities that encourage students to express feelings and ideas, and to exchange experience without stressing on right or wrong. Moreover, Harmer 2004:67 adds that pictures are often used to present situation in order that learners can be assisted to learn grammar and vocabulary more, but pictures also bring the potential different situation words. It is caused by the activation of students‟‟ creative imagination. He also suggests some activities in teaching writing using pictures such as describing activity, suspect and objects matching, write the postcards, describing portraits, and story activity. In story activity, it includes pictures sequence writing activity, pictures predict writing activity and so many others. However, when using pictures, there are three qualities that should be possessed. The first is about the appropriateness. Appropriateness deals not only with the purpose in hand but also with the use of pictures in class. The second is the visibility. Visibility refers to how important pictures should be visible for everyone when teacher use them in class. The last is practicality of the pictures that refers to how to make these pictures durable during the class for example teachers can cover pictures with plastic transparent. In addition, Gerlach and Ely 1980:277 offers six advantages of using pictures in language teaching and learning, namely 1 pictures are inexpensive and widely available resource, 2 they provide common experiences for an entire group, 3 their visual details make the learner easier to study, 4 pictures can be stimulant to further study reading and research, 5 pictures can help learner to focus attention and develop critical judgment, 6 pictures are easily to manipulate.

B. Relevant Studies

There are some relevant studies which show the benefit in using photographs to improve writing ability. The first one is a study by Youra 2009.1. He gives the evidence through his project Writing to photographyphotography to writing . He stated that photography could become a positive aid to the students when exploring new possibilities in their writing. This opinion comes from the result of his project which aims to develop writing through photography. He found that students gave comments and actions reflected when they began to see photography as rhetoric, as language, and to see the relation between photographic and verbal expression. Moreover their concept