Table 2.7 Writing Scoring Rubrics, 2013 Curriculum Documents of Indonesian Ministry of Education 2013
Both scoring rubrics are adapted as they will show the more detailed information related to some aspects mentioned earlier abou
t the test takers‟ performance. In addition, the adaption will help in assessing students writing easily
even can categorize the student writing level too.
3. Instructional Media
A lot of patience, energy, time, creativity and competence are spent by teachers to teach in English teaching learning class. There are numbers of factors that affect the
N o Aspect
Criteria Score
1 The Cohesion of
sentences 100 integrated sentences
5 80 integrated sentences
4 60 integrated sentences
3 40 integrated sentences
2 20 integrated sentences
1 2
Word Choice 100 correct w ord choice
5 80 correct w ord choice
4 60 correct w ord choice
3 40 correct w ord choice
2 20 correct w ord choice
1 3
Vocabu laries Writing
100 correct vocabu laries w riting 5
80 correct vocabu laries w riting 4
60 correct vocabu laries w riting 3
40 correct vocabu laries w riting 2
20 correct vocabu laries w riting 1
4 The Coherence of
Content 100 ap p rop riate content
5 80 ap p rop riate content
4 60 ap p rop riate content
3 40 ap p rop riate content
2 20 ap p rop riate content
1 5
Gram m ar Accu racy 100 ap p rop riate gram m ar accu racy 5
80 ap p rop riate gram m ar accu racy 4
60 ap p rop riate gram m ar accu racy 3
40 ap p rop riate gram m ar accu racy 2
20 ap p rop riate gram m ar accu racy 1
success this class related to linguistic and non-linguistics factors such as students, teachers, methods, materials, and media or aids used.
The media or aids aim to help students in acquiring the concept, skill, and competence that have been being taught during class. According to Harmer 2004:134-
136, the teaching and learning process should accommodate the use of teaching aids as it can be used to explain language meaning and constructions, to engage students in a
topic, or as the basic of the whole activity. He also lists some media that can be used to support teaching learning process in class such pictures and images, overhead projector,
boards, bits and pieces, language laboratory and computer. Henceforth, instructional media is one of media types that will create the good atmosphere in
facilitating students‟ development. Another researcher, Sugeng 2010:159-164 states that there are certain
kinds of media that are frequently used in school such as printed media, still media, visual media, audio visual media, real object media, and stimulated media.
4. Photographs
Hamilton 2014:3 states that in our daily life, the advent of social networking media such as Facebook, Flicker, Instagram, also the increasing using of smart phone
technology, digital images produced still photography. The photographs can become one of the instructional visual aids in learning writing. The use of photographs aims to
help teacher in giving the students support during writing, since they can be used as ways to generate the ideas in writing. According to Peskova 2008:8, the developing of
learners‟ imagination can be served through illustration by using pictures. She also
states that pictures as ideal way to reflect reality especially photographs which are kinds of authentic source and truly illustrate situations, event, portrays of person and so many
others. Usually, photographs surely can help the students remember the detail about people, places, and events; they capture anything such as the characterizations, the
appearances, and the sequences of events .
In addition, Rieger 1996 in Hamilton 2014:6 argues that a highly suitable means of documenting process is done by photography as the taking photograph actions
can be done faster and the detailed even the immediate description can be got easily. Then as the instructional media, pictures have some roles as proposed by Latuheru
1988 in Saadiyah 2010, they are stated as follows: a.
It will attract and increase students‟ attention. b.
It will help them to handle with the difference of the students experiences due to differences in their social and economic backgrounds.
c. It will provide learning experiences that may be difficult to get in any other way.
d. It will help to arrange the experience which the students acquire systematically
for promoting their cognitive development. e.
It will help students‟ ability to do self-learning based on their cognitive development.
f. It will decrease verbalism using verbal language whether oral or written in the
learning process. Photographs are designed in colourful even attractive as the stimulant for
students in the class situation. The function of photographs aims not only to bring
images in reality but also to become fun element in class. There are some reasons why these media is suitable for the language teaching since they give motivation and draw
attention from learners. They also provide a sense of context of the language with a specific reference and stimulus.
This is in line with Wright 2004:2 statement that pictures contribute a lot in making learners interested and motivated. Pictures also reinforce a sense of context of
language, and they become a specific reference points and stimulus. He also designs some activities and games that can be done through using pictures under two main
categories, they are challenges and opportunities. “Challenges” refers to the activities
that have a definable goal. This goal will lead to some predictable need for certain language forms while
“opportunities” offers some activities that encourage students to express feelings and ideas, and to exchange experience without stressing on right or
wrong. Moreover, Harmer 2004:67 adds that pictures are often used to present
situation in order that learners can be assisted to learn grammar and vocabulary more, but pictures also bring the potential different situation words. It is caused by the
activation of students‟‟ creative imagination. He also suggests some activities in teaching writing using pictures such as describing activity, suspect and objects
matching, write the postcards, describing portraits, and story activity. In story activity, it includes pictures sequence writing activity, pictures predict writing activity and so many
others.