photographs in class. This kind of interview was conducted in each cycle in order to get the important information that needed to make a decision on this study.
2 Classroom Observation
The classroom observation was conducted in order to see the real situation of teaching and learning in the classroom. The students and their behaviours during the
implementation of photographs in class became the main concern to be observed. The English teacher and two collaborators were asked to help observing the whole process
3 Distributing Questionnaire
Third technique is distributing questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed to get the view of members in writing class before and the expectation after the action.
4 Testing and Evaluating The Students‟ Writing
The last technique was by testing the students ‟ writing by conducting some tests
called pre test and post test. The results of the students writing in those two tests were assessed and evaluated by one collaborator and me. The results of those tests became
one of the indicators to decide the next plan and to draw a conclusion of the study.
3. Instruments
The instruments that were used in collecting data in this study are test instruments and non-test instruments. Those research instruments are explained as the following:
Test Instrument 1
Scoring Rubrics
A scoring rubric was needed to assess the students‟ writings. This rubric consisted of some writing aspects or criteria, the scale of the score and also the descriptions of
each criterion. It was adapted from Lindsay Cael from Seattle Community Collage and 2013 Curriculum. This instruments test would represent about the enhancement of
students writing performance related to some aspects in writing during implementation of photographs in class.
Non- Test Instruments 1
Observation Checklists During the observation process, an observation checklist was needed to record the
observation data. To use this observation checklist, the observers could give a tick mark √ on the aspects that are being observed.
2 Interview Guideline
The English teacher and students were interviewed by using interview guideline. This interview guideline was useful to guide me in asking important questions related to
the information needed for the study. 3
Questionnaire The questionnaire questions would present opinions, obstacles, and expectation of
the action from the research members especially the students before and after situation implementing the photographs in class
4. Data Analysis
There were two techniques used in this study. First, in analysing the quantitative data, the descriptive statistics were used. Here, the Excel program was involved to
compare the means of students‟ writing in pre test and post test to determine whether
there was enhancement on students‟ writing performance.
Second in analysing the qualitative data the process of analysis proposed by Burns 1999: 156-160 was used. There were some stages in conducting data analysis defined
as follows:
a. Assembling the data
In the first step, the data were collected. Then, the reflections related to the data were done. After that, the initial and revised questions were reviewed to look for broad
patterns, ideas, even trends that seemed to answer the questions from the data.
b. Coding the data
This step had the aim to manage the data. The data were identified and coded in some categories which were qualitative and quantitative code.
c. Comparing the data
After coding the data, the categories or patterns across different sets of data were compared such as the interview compared to survey. It was done to see whether they
showed the similarity or whether there were contradictions.
d. Building interpretation
In this stage, the data based on the previous stage which were interpreted to see on what could be seen and reflected beyond the immediate surface details were viewed
deeper. This step involves some steps. They were posing questions, identifying connections, and explaining on what the research meant at the broadest level. Then, my
personal theories‟ about the meanings of the research was refined.
