Figure 2.3 K achru’s Concentric Circles of English from Kachru 1997: 213
Based on the figure above, Indonesian learners is included in expanding circle who use English as a foreign language.
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.2.1 Developmental Pattern
Both developmental and pattern have their own definition. But, when they are linked together, they will have meaningfull definition related to gradually
change of something. Firstly, according to Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, one of the meanings of the word pattern
is “ a particular way in which something is done, organized or happens. While, the word develop also has
several meanings senses, one of which is change, grow cause something i.e. “ to
grow or gradually change into a more advanced, larger or stonger form”. The term development is defined as “ the gradual growth of someone or something become
more advanced”. Secondly, the same term is defined in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 1995, one of the meanings of the word pattern
is “a regular way in which something happens, develop, or is done” p. 1038. While,
the word develop also has several meaning senses, one of which is grow,increase i.e. “to grow or gradually change into a larger, stronger, or advanced state” p.
374. The term development is defined as “the gradual growth of something so that it becomes bigger or more advanced”.
The term developmental pattern has been used in the literature of second language acquisition. Ellis 1994: 73 uses the term as “ a cover term for the
general regularities evident in laguage acquisition”. It is used to show the stages L2 learners pass through in their L2 development or acquisition. The term pattern
of development may therefore be defined as regular ways in which something “grows” or changes over a period of time.
In second language acquisition, the developmental pattern is usually used to cover term for the general regularities evident in language acquisition. As such,
it subsumes the ideas of order and sequence Ellis, 2008 p. 67
2.2.2 Noun Phrase
Generally, the definition of noun is a word or group of words that represent a person, a place a thing or activity or a quality or idea Longman, 2001
