The Developmental Pattern of the Acquisition of Noun Phrase

Figure 4.7: The general patterns of the acquisition of noun phrase identification based on the test items Figure 4.7 shows that decreasing percentage was observed in 5 items of test; Q3A 49.47, Q4B 50.96, Q5B 41.40, Q6B 52.23, Q10B 31.21, and Q11B 39.29. Those five numbers shows the percentage lower than 55. Meanwhile, increasing percentage in the acquisition of noun phrase identification was observed only in six items of test; Q1B 90.45, Q2A 95.75, Q3A 98.09, Q7A 94.27, Q8A 94.48, and Q9B 90.45. Meanwhile in all the other test item, the percentage tended to remain approximately the same. 1 The patterns of the acquisition of noun phrase identification based on one component 84.08 90.45 95.75 70.06 98.09 49.47 64.12 50.96 86.94 41.40 71.55 52.23 94.27 70.70 94.48 67.09 61.15 90.45 66.88 31.21 72.4 39.28 71.66 68.79 20 40 60 80 100 120 Q1 A Q1 B Q2 A Q2 B Q3 A Q3 B Q4 A Q4 B Q5 A Q5 B Q6 A Q6 B Q7 A Q7 B Q8 A Q8 B Q9 A Q9 B Q1 0A Q1 0B Q1 1A Q1 1B Q1 2A Q1 2B General Pattern of NP Identification Based on Test Item Q1A Q1B Q2A Q2B Q3A Q3B Q4A Q4B Q5A Q5B Q6A Q6B Q7A Q7B Q8A Q8B Q9A Q9B Q10A Q10B Q11A Q11B Q12A Q12B The result test of the statistical descriptive analysis indicate that two numbers Q1A and Q10A consist of one component of the noun phrase form. The Q1A presented the identification of “computers” refers to pre-modification noun phrase. There are 132 scores see Appendix from respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase than maximum score 157. The Q10A presented the identification of “assets” refers to pre-modification noun phrase too. There are 105 scores see Appendix from respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase “assets” than the maximum score 157. Both of Q1A and Q10A constructed noun headword with s as plural in the form of pre-modification noun phrase. The percentage of noun phrase identification based one component was presented in figure 4.8. Figure 4.8.The pattern of noun phrase identification based on one component of form Q1A Q10A Categories 84.08 66.88 84.08 66.88 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Tested One Component of NP Identification Categories 2 The patterns of the acquisition of noun phrase based on two components The result test of the statistical descriptive analysis indicate that five test items Q1B, Q3A, Q5A, Q7A and Q9B consist of two components pre- modification noun phrase form. The maximum score in two components of noun phrase form is 314. Firstly, the Q1B presented the identification of “data- processing equipment” refers to pre-modification noun phrase which consist of active participle data-processing and noun headword equipment. Totally, there are 284 scores see Appendix which respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase. Secondly, Q5A presented the identification of “an audit” refers to pre- modification noun phrase which consist of the determiner an and noun headword audit. There are 273 scores see Appendix scores which respondents mentioned on identif ying “an audit” as noun phrase. Thirdly, there are three numbers of questions which consist of similar form of pre-modification noun phrase. There are Q3A, Q7A, and Q9B presented noun and noun headword in the form of NP. Q3A presented the identification of business transaction refers to pre- modification noun phrase which consist of noun business and noun headword transaction. There are 308 scores see Appendix which respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase business transaction totally. Another form which similar is Q7A. Q7A presented the identification of modern accounting refers to pre-modification noun phrase which consist of noun modern and noun headword accounting. Statistically, there are 296 scores see Appendix respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase modern accounting. Last, Q9B presented the identification of financial statement refers to pre-modification noun PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI phrase which consist of noun financial and noun headword statement. There are 284 scores see Appendix which respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase financial statement. The percentage of noun phrase identification based two components was presented in figure 4.9 Figure 4.9. The pattern of noun phrase identification based on two components of NP form 3 The pattern of noun phrase identification based on three components The result test of the statistical descriptive analysis indicate that eleven test items Q2A, Q2B, Q3B, Q4A, Q5B, Q6A, Q8A, Q8B, Q9A, Q11A, and Q11B consist of three components of the noun phrase form. To address the how many point that EFL learners gotten, the maximum score in each component was needed. The maximum score in three components of NP identification is 471. The Q2A presented the identification of a balance sheet refers to pre- modification noun phrase. There are 451 scores see Appendix which respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase totally. The Q2A presented Q1B Q3A Q5A Q7A Q9B Categories 90.45 98.09 86.94 94.27 90.45 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 Tested Two Components of NP Identification Categories the identification of a balance sheet refers to pre-modification noun phrase which consist of the determiner a, noun balance and noun headword sheet. Meanwhile, Q2B presented the identification of two sides that must be balance refers to both pre-modification and post-modification noun phrase. There are 330 scores see Appendix which respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase based on the instruction of test. The Q2A presented the identification of a balance sheet refers to pre-modification and post-modification noun phrase which consist of the determiner two, noun sides and relative clause that must always be in balance. Another number which related to post-modification NP within relative clause is Q3B and Q9A. Q3B presented the identification of economic events that affect the financial position of a business entity. There are 233 scores see Appendix which respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase statistically. The Q3B presented the identification of economic events that affect the financial position of a business entity refers to both pre-modification and post-modification noun phrase which consist of the noun economic, noun s events, and relative clause itself that affect the financial position of a business entity. Meanwhile, Q9A presented the identification of the document that report on an individual’s or organization’s business. There are 288 scores see Appendix which respondents mentioned on identifying these noun phrase. The Q9A also presented the identification of the document that report on an individual’s or organization’s business refers to both pre-modification and post-modification noun phrase which consist of the determiner the, noun headword document, and relative clause itself that report on an individual’s or organization’s business. Another form of noun phrase in three components is the identification of NP with prepositional phrase. Both of pre-modification and post-modification is presented in test item Q4A, Q5B, Q8B, Q11A, and Q11B with related to identify prepositional phrase. The Q4A presented the identification of the purpose of balance sheet refers to both pre-modification and post-modification noun phrase. There are 302 scores see Appendix which respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase statistically. The Q4A presented the identification of the purpose of balance sheet refers to both pre-modification and post-modification noun phrase which consist of the form determiner the, noun purpose and prepositional phrase of balance sheet. Meanwhile, Q8B there are 316 scores see Appendix which respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase various levels of government. The Q8B presented the identification of various levels of government refers to both pre-modification and post-modification noun phrase which consist of the form adjective various, noun headword levels and prepositional phrase of government. There are three number of test item which use similar form. All of them presented both pre-modification and post-modification noun phrase; determiner, noun headword, and prepositional phrase. Firstly, it is presented by Q5B. There are 195 scores see Appendix which respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase the reliability of the accounting report. The Q5B presented the identification of the reliability of the accounting report refers to both pre- modification and post-modification noun phrase which consist of the form determiner the, noun headword reliability and prepositional phrase of the accounting report. Secondly, Q11A also presented the identification of the statement of owner’s policy which consist of both pre-modification and post- modification noun phrase. The form included determiner the, noun headword statement and prepositional phrase of owner’s policy. Statistically, there are 341 see Appendix scores from EFL learners mentioned on identifying the noun phrase the statement of owner’s policy. Last, the similar form is presented at Q11B. Q11B also presented the identification of the changes in the owner’s capital account during the year which consist of both pre-modification and post- modification noun phrase. The form included determiner the, noun headword changes and prepositional phrase in the owner’s capital account during the year. Statistically, there are 185 scores see Appendix which respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase the statement of owner’s policy. As mentioned in previous chapter, the form of post-modification also presented to-infinitive form. The item Q6A presented the identification of phrase the solution to this problem which consist of determiner the, noun headword solution and to-infinitive to this problem. The result statistical descriptive shows that there are 337 scores see Appendix which respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase the solution to this problem. In the three components of noun phrase form, there is one test item which consist of only pre-modification noun phrase. Q8A is one test item that presented three component of pre-modification NP with the sentences extensive financial information. Extensive itself indicates adjective, financial refers to noun, and information refers to noun headword. The result statistical descriptive shows that there are 445 scores see Appendix which respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase extensive financial information. The percentage of noun phrase identification based three component was presented in figure 4.10. Figure 4.10. The pattern of noun phrase identification based on three components of NP form Figure 4.10 shows that decreasing percentage was observed in test item Q3B, Q5B and Q11B. Meanwhile, increasing percentage on identifying noun phrase was observed only in Q2A and Q8A while in all the other three components, the percentage tended to remain approximately the same. Q2A Q2B Q3B Q4A Q5B Q6A Q8A Q8B Q9A Q11A Q11B Categories 95.75 70.06 49.47 64.12 41.40 71.55 94.48 67.09 61.15 72.40 39.28 20 40 60 80 100 120 Tested Three Components of NP Identification Q2A Q2B Q3B Q4A Q5B Q6A Q8A Q8B Q9A Q11A Q11B 4 The patterns of the acquisition of noun phrase based on four components Last, the identification on noun phrase consist of four components of form. The percentage of the overall identification of noun phrase in four components of the tested sentences varied as the form varied. There six test items was presented the four components of NP form; Q4B, Q6B, Q7B, Q10B, Q12A and Q12B. The maximum score of four components in three different group is 628. There three items which use similar form in this section; Q4B, Q6B, Q7B. Firstly, Q4B presented the identification of the phrase the financial position of business on certain date. There are 320 scores see Appendix that respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase the financial position of business. These sentence itself consist of determiner the, noun financial, noun headword position, and prepositional phrase of business on certain date. Secondly, Q6B presented the identification of the noun phrase a chronological record of all transaction. There are 328 scores see Appendix that respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase a chronological record of all transaction. These sentence itself consist of determiner a, noun chronological, noun headword record, and prepositional phrase of all transaction. Thirdly, Q7B presented the identification of the phrase a basic component of business management. There are 444 scores see Appendix that respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase a basic component of business management. These sentence itself consist of determiner a, noun basic, noun headword component, and prepositional phrase of business management. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Another item is Q10B with the identification of the phrase economic resources owned by a business that are expected to benefit future operations. These sentences consist of the combination of pre-modification and post- modification NP. The form noun was presented by noun phrase economic, noun headword resources, passive participle owned by a business and relative clause that are expected to benefit future operations. There are 196 scores see Appendix that respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase economic resources owned by a business that are expected to benefit future operations. Additionally, Q12A presented the identification of the noun phrase the new employee working. There are 450 scores see Appendix that respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase the new employee working in your office. These sentence itself consist of determiner the, adjective new, noun headword employee, and passive participle working in your office. Last, Q12B is the only one item which consist of pre-modification noun phrase in the four components of NP form. Q12B presented the identification of the noun phrase a reputable accounting academy which consist of determiner a, adjective reputable, noun accounting, and noun headword academy. The statistical descriptive result that there are 432 scores see Appendix that respondents mentioned on identifying the noun phrase a reputable accounting academy. The percentage of noun phrase identification based three component was presented in figure 4.11. Figure 4.11. The pattern of noun phrase identification based on four components of NP form Figure 4.11 shows that decreasing percentage was observed in three test items Q4B, Q6B and Q10B. Meanwhile, in all the other four components, the percentage tended to remain approximately the same although it is not indicating high score.

4.1.2.1 Summary

This section presents the summary of the results of the investigation on the developmental pattern of the acquisition of noun phrase acquired by Indonesian EFL learners of different groups. The summary covers the following: 1. The distribution, by noun phrase identification and by noun phrase translation, of the observed developmental patterns in the noun phrase acquisition between different groups, Q4B Q6B Q7B Q10B Q12A Q12B Categories 50.96 52.23 70.70 31.21 71.66 68.79 50.96 52.23 70.70 31.21 71.66 68.79 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Tested Four Components of NP Identification Q4B Q6B Q7B Q10B Q12A Q12B 2. The number, locations and directions of the observed developmental patterns in the noun phrase acquisition between different groups, and 3. Other findings, the pattern of the acquisition of noun phrase identification based on components of pre-modification and post-modification noun phrase by EFL learners.

4.2 DISCUSSION

This section aims to discuss the results of the data analysis. It included the discussion on the developmental pattern of noun phrase identification, the developmental pattern of noun phrase translation, the developmental pattern of the acquisition of noun phrase by three different groups, other findings concerning the pattern of the acquisition of noun phrase identification based on component of NP form that have important pedagogical implications. It also suggest further research on the materials in structure class in the acquisition of Indonesian EFL learners and the pedagogical of the research findings. The first research question concerns the pattern of the acquisition of noun phrase development of Indonesian EFL learners at three different groups. The pattern of the noun phrases indicate that 1 the developmental pattern of noun phrase identification, 2 the developmental pattern of noun phrase translation, and 3 the developmental pattern of the acquisition of noun phrase by Indonesian EFL learners. The second research question concerns on significant differences in the acquisition of noun phrases. With respect to that question, there were not significant differences on the acquisition of noun phrase at three different groups. The result of the study indicate the following: 1 the developmental patterns of the acquisition of noun phrase by Indonesian EFL learners at three different groups, 2 implicit and explicit second language knowledge, 3 noun phrase in previous research.

4.2.1 The developmental pattern of the acquisition of noun phrase at three groups

The first research question concerns the patterns of the acquisition of noun phrase by three different groups of Indonesian EFL learners. Generally, three patterns indicate that the acquisition of noun phrase in each group development. Specifically in the pattern of the acquisition of noun phrase identification based on the component, the lack of comprehension in post-modification noun phrase is less than pre-modification noun phrase. For example, while there were six items have low score on noun phrase identification under study. All of them are part of post-modification form based on previous chapter. The lowest score is showed in item Q10B 31,21 of the phrase economic resources owned by a business that are expected to benefit future operations. Conventionally, it is formed by noun, noun headword, passive participle and relative clause as post-modification noun phrase. With respect to the second research question, whether there were significant differences between three different groups of Indonesian EFL learners, the result of the study in the acquisition of noun phrase as depicted in Figure 4.4. in figure 4.4, significant differences were not observed between the three different groups of Indonesian EFL learners in noun phrase of all the sentences under study. First, in the noun phrase identification in Figure 4.1 specifically, while only 5,23 points of freshman average score to sophomore, and 0,07 from sophomore to junior average score. Second, in the noun phrase translation in figure 4.2 particularly, only 2,31 points of freshman to sophomore, and 1,79 from sophomore to junior average score. The result suggest that there were no significant differences between three different groups because of the population were homogeneous; freshman, sophomore, and junior. Then, there is no the materials enough about the noun phrase on English learning class processes in each groups, even on structure class at freshman and sophomore level. The EFL learners mentioned that structure class didn’t give materials enough for their development in each level. Specifically, the instrument of the current study asked learners to identifying first, the learners is invited to identify the noun phrases before translate them on their own word. Mostly, EFL learners gave their answers in identifying noun phrase based on their intuition, they tried to guess based on their prior knowledge. They were intuitively aware of noun phrase form. From the results, it was found that the almost all students judged themselves as having poor grammatical language competence that they were not able to identify the form or structure on phrase level, choice the true noun headword in sentences, identify the post-modification noun phrase and render it. Owing to this language flaws, they were use their implicit knowledge to guess the correct noun phrase in rewriting in NP identification. In addition, the materials PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI about noun phrase were not gotten enough by learners in English learning class processes. Some of them have no idea within using noun as noun headword to identify the phrase in sentences under study. Particularly, in high level, junior, the lecturers tend to assume EFL learners had have the ability enough on grammar, they have no materials again about structure in the end of high semester, the learners should improve their comprehension by themselves.

4.2.1 Implicit and explicit second language knowledge

The analysis result suggest that mostly EFL learners can identify the pre- modification noun phrase because they have learned about it and familiar with the form. While, they tried to guess some sentences which use relative clause, prepositional phrase and passive participle in the form of post-modification NP. Based on the written test result and interview, some of learners explained that they have no idea about the noun phrase. Instead of identifying the noun phrase in sentences, they preferred guessing the correct noun phrase based on their intuition, they combine both implicit and explicit knowledge to identify noun phrase. It was showed the Monitor theory by Krashen 1984 that learners possess an “acquired system” and “learnt system” which are totally separate. In addition, the interview result describe how many EFL learners confess they have no ability enough about the structure, especially the noun phrase form as their conscious. More detail to distinguish the implicit and explicit knowledge, Ellis 2008, p. 418 mentions that implicit knowledge is intuitive, procedural, systematically variable, automatic, and thus available for use in fluent, unplanned language use. It is not PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI