Face Threatening Act Politeness Theory

15 compliment. The example of this sub-strategy is the utterance ―Your performance is very good Congratulations. ‖ Sub-strategy 2 is the state where the speaker exaggerates interest, approval, and sympathy with the hearer. This strategy is often done by saying something more impressive than its actual status using exaggerated intonation or stress in the adjective. The example is the utterance ―What a fantastic car you have‖ Sub-strategy 3 is intensifying interest to hearer. This sub-strategy is used when the speaker shares his wants to a hearer by making a good story and drawing the hearer into it. Brown and Levinson 1987 state that it is another way for the speaker to intensify the interest of his own contributions to the conversation. It is exemplified with the utterance state by Brown and Levinson 1987 ―I come down the stairs, and what you think I see? – a huge mess all over the place, the phone‘s off the hook and clothes are scattered all over …‖ p. 106. Sub-strategy 4 is done by using any of the innumerable way to convey in- group membership. It indicates that both the speaker and hearer belong to a group of people who share specific wants. Brown and Levinson 1987 state that the use of address forms, language or dialect, jargon or slang, and ellipsis are the elements of in-group identity markers. The example is in utterance ―Come here, fellas.‖ Sub-strategy 5 is seeking agreement. Brown and Levinson 1987 state that seeking agreement indicates speaker‘s wants to seek hearer‘s agreement and therefore to satisfy hearer‘s desire to be ‗right‘. It is done by delivering safe topics to the hearer and repeating part or all of what the preceding speaker has said in the 16 conversation. The example is proposed by Brown and Levinson 1987 in the dialogue: A: I had a flat tyre on the way home. B: Oh God, a flat tyre It can be seen that hearer B repeats the part of what the preceding speaker A has said in the conversation as the response to speaker A‘s safe topic. Sub-strategy 6 is done by avoiding disagreement. There are four mechanisms of avoiding disagreement according to Brown and Levinson 1987. The mechanisms are token agreement that leads the speaker to twist his utterances to hide disagreement, pseudo-agreement which is the use of ‘then’ as a conclusory marker, white lies, and hedging opinions. This sub-strategy is exemplified with the utterances ―I‘ll be seeing you then.‖ Sub-strategy 7 is presupposing common ground. Brown and Levinson 1987 state that gossiping or having small talk is the example of presupposing or asserting common ground. This is an act of believing something happens before it is proven. The example is in the utterance ―I really had a hard time learning to dive , you know.‖ Sub-strategy 8 is using joke. Brown and Levinson 1987 explain that joking is a basic positive-politeness technique. In this way, jokes can be used to stress mutual background knowledge and values that are shared by the speaker and hearer. The example is in the utterance ―OK if I tackle those cookies now?‖ Brown Levinson, 1987, p. 124. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI