Positive Politeness Strategies Found in

44 Another example of claiming common ground was the use of joke. The use of joke explained that both the speaker and hearer shared the same background knowledge. The speaker put the hearer at ease so that it could minimize the threat from the speaker. Dialogue 4 showed the conversation between Ellen and Obama that consisted of joke. The use of joke or positive politeness was labeled as ‗PP‘. Dialogue 4 Clip Title : Pres. Barack Obama on Ellen Breaking His Twitter Record Time : 00.11 – 00.23 Participants : Ellen and Obama Ellen : Mr. President, it has be en a while since we‘ve spoken. You look great. How are you? Obama : I am doing great. You look wonderful also. Ellen : Well, thank you so much for saying that. You didn‘t have to just because I said you look good, but that was nice of you. [Audience laughing] PP Obama : It is true. Full transcript can be seen in Appendix B, p. 78 The dialogue showed that Ellen greeted President Obama as her guest star via video call. She greeted Obama by giving him a compliment towards his appearance and asking him about his life. In order to satisfy Ellen‘s positive face, Obama replied her with the compliment also. However, Ellen responded Obama by using a joke. Ellen said that Obama did not need to pay her compliment. However, Ellen immedi ately said ―that was nice of you‖ to Obama. This approach was done by Ellen because she wanted to put Obama at ease and to save his positive face from the threat. The use of joke also showed in Dialogue 5 in the same situation when Ellen talked about her retweet s‘ record. It was labeled as ―PP‖. 45 Dialogue 5 Clip Title : Pres. Barack Obama on Ellen Breaking His Twitter Record Time : 00.24-00.48 Participants : Ellen and Obama Ellen : I don‘t know if you know this, but I was aiming to break your record of retweets, and I apologize for doing it, but I broke your retweet record. PP Obama : I heard about that. I thought it was a pretty cheap stunt myself, getting a bunch of celebrities in the background. Ellen : That‘s the only thing— Obama : You feeding them pizza? Ellen : Yeah. Full transcript can be seen in Appendix B, p. 78 Ellen told Obama that she broke his retweets‘ record. Obama‘s role as a president of course gave so many influences in his daily life including his existence in social media. However, Ellen had broken Obama‘s record of retweets in one of his social media, namely Twitter . Ellen was aware that her utterance might threaten Obama‘s positive face. She might make Obama embarrassed since they were having a live talk show. Thus, Ellen used a joke in delivering her intentions to Obama. Another mechanism of positive politeness is conveying that speaker and hearer are co-operators. This mechanism indicates that both speaker and hearer are involved in the same activity. The speaker and hearer are cooperatively connected by a relevant activity. By cooperating, the speaker and the hearer share the same goals. Furthermore, giving offer and promise are the examples of the sub-strategies in conveying the speaker and hearer as co-operators. The speaker would choose to intensify his cooperation with the hearer by giving an offer or promise. By doing that, the speaker showed his good 46 intentions in satisfying hearer even though he could be wrong. Dialogue 6 showed the use of offering by Obama. The utterance of using offer was labeled as ‗PP‘ as the part of positive politeness. Dialogue 6 Clip Title : Pres. Barack Obama on Ellen Breaking His Twitter Record Time : 03.23-03.32 Participants : Ellen and Obama Ellen : I hate to say, but I hope they get tattoos. I really do. Obama : Ellen, you should be a part of this. You should pledge to also get a tattoo with us. PP Full transcript can be seen in Appendix B, p. 78 The dialogue above showed Ellen and Obama‘s conversation about making tattoos. Ellen talked to the audience about her wish that Obama and his wife would have the tattoos. Then, Obama offered Ellen to get tattoos with them as well by saying, ―you should be part of this…‖ By saying that, Obama wanted to demonstrate his good intention and to satisfy Ellen‘s positive face. The use of promise was shown in Dialogue 7 when Obama gave his promise to Ellen and the audience. The use of promise was labeled as ‗PP‘ as the part of positive politeness. Dialogue 7 Clip Title : Pres. Barack Obama on Ellen Breaking His Twitter Record Time : 03.03-03.27 Participants : Ellen and Obama Ellen : If your daughter got tattoos, that you and Michelle would also get the same tatto o in the same place, and you‘ll take a family photo of all the tattoos. Obama : That‘s exactly right. [Cheering and laughing] We will reduce the cool factor of any tattoo. Michelle and I will be right there, and 47 we‘ll post it so that everybody will be able to see it, and we‘ll say, ―We all got matching tattoos‖ and I suspect that will be a pretty good deterrent for both Malia and Sasha. PP Ellen : I hate to say, but I hope they get tattoos. [Laugh] I really do. Full transcript can be seen in Appendix B, p. 78 Ellen asked Obama about his statements that he and his wife would get the tattoos if their daughters got the tattoos. Obama agreed with it and confirmed that his statements were true. The conversation above indicated that Obama was willing to fulfill Ellen‘s wants. As co-operators, Obama wanted to show his good intention in satisfying Ellen wants by giving her a promise. The last mechanism of positive politeness strategy was by fulfilling the hearer‘s wants. Speaker could satisfy the hearer‘s wants by giving gift. The gifts could be in the form of intangible gift, such as sympathy, understanding, and cooperation. The speaker who used this strategy wanted to redress the hearer‘s positive face directly. The example in giving gift was shown in the Dialogue 8 when Hillary Clinton was interviewed by Ellen. The sub-strategy was labeled as ‗PP‘. Dialogue 8 Clip Title : Hillary Clinton Catches Up with Ellen Time : 00.31-00.48 Participants : Ellen and Hillary Ellen : I want someone who is qualifi ed, and I feel like when you‘re talking about, if you look at the other candidates… Hillary : Right Ellen : …someone who is for rights across the board, equal right for women, equal rights for every ethnicity, equal rights for everyone. It is…the only person I can look at is you. PP Hillary : Thank you. Thank you, Ellen. Full transcript can be seen in Appendix B, p. 80 48 Hillary Clinton was one of the president candidates of USA. She was invited to The Ellen Show and did the interview with Ellen about her campaign. Dialogue 8 showed that Ellen gave her compliment to Hillary for her action in keeping the equal rights for women, ethnicity, and everyone. Ellen expressed her admiration to Hillary directly by saying ―the only person I can look at is you‖. It indicated that Ellen gave her sympathy towards Hillary, who could keep the equal rights. By saying that, Ellen wanted to fulfill Hillary‘s want and redress her positive face. Moreover, this intangible gift was important for Hillary herself because Ellen‘s compliment showed that Ellen would be by her side, since she was doing the campaign while doing the interview.

2. Bald on Record Strategies Found in

The Ellen Show Bald on record strategy is the direct way of conveying meanings. The speaker who uses this strategy wants to ignore the hearer‘s face. The use of this strategy is related to the speaker‘s wants to threat the hearer‘s face. In other words, the speaker do no t have the willingness to redress hearer‘s face. The application of this strategy is classified into two different motives, namely the motive where the face threat is not minimized at all and motive where the face threat is minimized by implication. The findings from the data found out that bald on record strategy was used mostly by Ellen and Hillary. However, the utterances produced by Ellen and Hillary only consisted of one motive in which the face threat was not minimized at all. The motive where the face threat was not minimized could be seen in some PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 49 cases, for example the case of great urgency and the case where the speaker used non-redressed comforting advice. The case of great urgency indicated that the speaker wanted to make a rhetorical point. It could be found in the conversation that conveyed the attention- getters. Dialogue 9 showed the application of bald on record in the case of great urgency. It described the conversation between Ellen and Obama. The bald on reco rd strategy was labeled as ‗BoR‘. Dialogue 9 Clip Title : President Obama Talks The First Lady Time : 03.53-04.11 Participants : Ellen and Obama Obama : You‘re so upset about that. Ellen : I am so because she didn‘t go down all the way and she claimed she had longer arms and so she‘s, listen, it was very impressive that she kept going but she didn‘t go down as far as me. Obama : Okay Ellen : Look at, look BoR Obama : She‘s going down pretty far. Ellen : No, no, no. Not as far down as me. [Audience laugh] Full transcript can be seen in Appendix B, p. 86 During the interview, Obama was asked by Ellen about his opinions towards the video that showed Ellen and Michelle‘s push-up game. The video showed the previous episode of The Ellen Show . Obama‘s wife, Michelle, was invited to the talk show as a guest star. Then, they did the push-up game. At that time, Ellen was defeated by Michelle. Meanwhile, in the episode when Obama was invited as a guest star, Ellen told Obama about the push-up game that she did with Michelle. Ellen expressed her disappointment to Obama in a funny way. Ellen was upset that Michelle did the push up game in a wrong way. She 50 considered that Michelle cheated her. In the conversation, Ellen asked Obama to watch the video as an evidence and give his comment about the game. In Dialogue 9 , Ellen said ―Look at. Look‖ to Obama. This utterance contained an FTA which was not redress Obama‘s face. Ellen used this utterance because of the urgency that Ellen faced. They were watching at a short video about Ellen and Michelle‘s push-up game. Ellen had to make sure that Obama would not miss the scene when Michelle was considered as cheating by Ellen. Thus, she did not redress the threat and said the utterance baldly. Another case that indicated the unminimized motive was when the speaker used non-redressed sympathetic advice. It could be in the form of sympathetic advice and warning. In using this strategy, the speaker showed his attention for the hearer. In this case, non-redressed comforting advice usage could be performed in bald on record. This case happened in the scene where Hillary Clinton was doing her campaign in The Ellen Show . Dialogue 10 showed the conversation between Ellen and Hillary that consisted of sympathetic advice. The bald on record strategy was labeled as ‗BoR‘. Dialogue 10 Clip Title : Hillary Clinton Catches Up with Ellen Time : 00.31-01.09 Participants : Ellen and Hillary Ellen : I want someone who is qualified, and I feel like when you‘re talking about —If I look at all the other candidates.. Hillary : Right. Ellen : Someone who is for rights across the board. Equal rights for women. Equal rights for every ethnicity. Equal rights for everyone. It is – the only person I can look at is you. Hillary : Thank you. Thank you, Ellen. Well, no. First of all, look, I think its just a reality that were held to a higher, different double standard. And it gets a little old, to be honest, but you just forge PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 51 ahead. Dont let--all the wonderful, beautiful young women who are here, dont get discouraged. Dont give in. Dont give up. Dont quit on yourself, on your dreams, on your future. BoR Full transcript can be seen in Appendix B, p. 80 The conversation in Dialogue 10 showed that Ellen shared her opinion about the other candidates. Then, Ellen continued to give Hillary a compliment for her job recently. The conversation indicated that Ellen stood by her side. In other words, Ellen supported and chose Hillary to be the next President for the United States. Then, Hillary responded to Ellen by demonstrating the case where doing the FTA was in the hearer‘s interest. In Dialogue 10, Hillary applied the bald on record strategy by giving some sympathetic advice for Ellen and all of the audience in the studio. Hillary did not redress the utterances she said. It meant that she said that for the sake of Ellen and the audience ‘s interest. As a president candidate who did a campaign, it was a must for her to make the audience impressed with her. Thus, Hillary wanted to express herself that she cares for them by giving the sympathetic advice.

3. Negative Politeness Strategies Found in

The Ellen Show Negative politeness strategy was a strategy that was used by the speaker to redress the hearer‘s negative face. These strategies were used when a speaker knew that his or her utterance and action would threaten a hearer. The examples of negative politeness usage were asking and ordering something from a hearer by a speaker. From the collected data, negative politeness was used by all of the speakers. There were five mechanisms of negative politeness, namely being direct, avoiding presumption or assumption, avoiding coercion to hearer, 52 communicating speaker‘s want to not impinge on the hearer, and redressing others want of the hearer‘s. There were two sub-strategies that appeared mostly in those three mechanisms, such as using hedge and question and apologizing. However, the first and the last mechanism of negative politeness were not found in the collected data. Hedge and question were two of the sub-strategies that included in avoiding presumption and assumption mechanism. When the speaker used negative politeness strategy, he had to avoid presuming and assuming the wants of the hearer. Dialogue 11 showed the example of question usage by Hillary Clinton when she was interviewed by Ellen. The question or negative politeness was labeled as ‗NP‘. Dialogue 11 Clip Title : Hillary Clinton Catches Up with Ellen Time : 01.40-02.14 Participants : Ellen and Hillary Ellen : It wasn‘t until 1920 when the 19 th Amendment passed that women were allowed to vote. Hillary : That‘s right. Ellen : We couldn‘t vote until then. Women weren‘t allowed to serve in the military until 1948. Not allowed into combat until 2013. It wasn‘t until 1973 that woman could serve on juries. A woman could not have her own credit card until 1974. Hillary : Can I tell you about that? NP This is hard to believe, but there was a law passed so that if you were married, or you were a single woman, you would be legally entitled to a credit card. So I applied to credit card. Full transcript can be seen in Appendix B, p. 80 Ellen and Hillary were talking about the gender equality in U.S. year to year. They talked about women‘s policy to use their rights in joining an election,