Students of Public Speaking Course Error

12 counterpart would produce in same context” p. 58. Ellis 1997 also explains that “to identify errors we have to compare the sentences learners produce with what seem to be norma l or „correct‟ sentences in the target language which correspond with them ” p. 16. It means that the comparison is useful to identify the learner errors. Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005, p. 58 mention the basic procedures of identifying learner error. Those are: a Prepare reconstructions of the sample as this would have been produced by the learner‟s native speaker counterpart. b Assume that every utterancessentence produced by the learner is erroneous and systematically eliminate those that an initial comparison with the native speaker sample shows to be well formed. Those utterancessentences remaining contain errors. c Identify which parts of each learner utterance sentence differs from the reconstructed version. 2 Describing Learner Error According to Corder 1974 as cited in Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005, p. 60, “the description of errors is essentially a comparative process, the data being the original erroneous utterances and the reconstructed utterances.” 3 Explaining Learner Error The explanation of error covers the source of error. According to Ellis 1997 , ”the identification and description of errors are preliminaries to the much more interesting task of trying to explain why they occur ” p. 18. 13 According to Corder 1973, e rror analysis is “a comparative process”. It means that the error analysis process of comparing synonymous utterances p. 275. Dulay et al. 1982 also states that error analysis is “contrastive analysis”. Contrastive analysis means “a comparison of learner‟s native and target language”. From the contrastive analysis, the differences between L1 and L2 were thought to account of an L2 learner‟s errors p.140. In brief, error analysis is study of the error which learner make in speaking and writing and it has some procedures: identifying, describing, and explaining learner error by comparing the first language and second language.

c. Types of Error

According to Dulay et al 1982, p. 150-193, there are three linguistic category taxonomies: 1 Surface Structure Taxonomy, 2 Comparative Taxonomy, and 3 Communicative Effect Taxonomy. 1 Surface Structure Taxonomy Surface structure taxonomy is based on the ways surface structures are altered. There four classification of this taxonomy: omission, addition, misformation, and misordering.

a Omission

Omission error is the absence of a part of a sentence. This error can be identified by comparing the sentence with the correct one. For example, My friend very friendly . The correct form of this sentence is My friend is very friendly.