13 According to Corder 1973, e
rror analysis is “a comparative process”. It means that the error analysis process of comparing synonymous utterances
p. 275. Dulay et al. 1982 also states that error analysis is “contrastive analysis”.
Contrastive analysis means “a comparison of learner‟s native and target language”. From the contrastive analysis, the differences between L1 and L2 were
thought to account of an L2 learner‟s errors p.140. In brief, error analysis is study of the error which learner make in speaking and writing and it has some
procedures: identifying, describing, and explaining learner error by comparing the first language and second language.
c. Types of Error
According to Dulay et al 1982, p. 150-193, there are three linguistic category taxonomies: 1 Surface Structure Taxonomy, 2 Comparative Taxonomy,
and 3 Communicative Effect Taxonomy.
1 Surface Structure Taxonomy
Surface structure taxonomy is based on the ways surface structures are altered. There four classification of this taxonomy: omission, addition,
misformation, and misordering.
a Omission
Omission error is the absence of a part of a sentence. This error can be identified by comparing the sentence with the correct one. For example, My
friend very friendly . The correct form of this sentence is My friend is very friendly.
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b Addition
On the contrary, addition error is the presence of a form that does not appear in a well-formed utterance. For example,
eated for ate, the past form of eat is ate .
He didn’t ran instead of He didn’t run
c Misformation
The misformation occur when the learner use of the wrong form of the morpheme or structure. For example,
runned for ran Do they be happy? For are they happy?
I would have took it for I would have taken it.
d Misordering
Misordering is incorrect placement of a morpheme or group of morphemes in utterances. For example, He fights all the time her brother instead of He
fights her brother all the time.
2 Comparative Taxonomy
The classification of comparative taxonomy is based on comparisons between the structure of second language error and certain other types of
constructions. There are four classifications of this taxonomy: a Developmental Errors, b Interlingual Errors, c Ambiguous Errors, and d Other Errors.
a Developmental Errors
Developmental errors are errors similar to those made by children learning the target language as their first language. For example, dog eat it instead of the
