21
Table 2.1: Non-finite Verb Phrases
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE
SIMPLE to accompany
Accompanying
COMPLEX B
to have accompanied having accompanied
C to be accompanying
being accompanying D
to be accompanied being accompanied
BC to have been accompanying
having been accompanying BD
to have been accompanied having been accompanied
CD to be being accompanied
being being accompanied BCD
?to have
been being
accompanied ?having
been being
accompanied
Notes: []
being accompanying and being being examined are unacceptable.
[?] to have been being accompanied
and having been being accompanied are awkward.
B. Theoretical Framework
This research focuses on the error that the students made. This research begins by identifying the errors as Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005, p. 58 stated. To
identify the errors, the researcher compares the sentences which learners produce with the correct one in the target language. After knowing the errors, the
researcher clasifies those errors based on Dulay‟s classification Dulay et al.,
1982, p. 154-157 i.e. the surface structure taxonomy omission, addition,
22 misformation, misordering, the comparative taxonomy developmental error,
interlingual error, ambiguous error and other error, and the communicative effect taxonomy global error and local error. Using those taxonomies, the researcher
analyze the errors. The source of errors is analyzed using Brown‟s theory 1980, p. 213-215 i.e. transfer, intralingual transfer and context of learning. He uses this
theory since he is convinced that this theory is useful for analyzing the sources of error.
23
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter explains the methodology used in this research. The explanation of methodology consisted of six sections. Those sections are research
method, research setting, research participants, instrument and data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedure.
A. Research Method
This research was a descriptive research. This research described the grammatical error related to the use of verb phrase
found in the students‟ speech of the Public Speaking class. According to Sprinthall, Schmutte, and Sirois
1991, a research is called descriptive when the primary purpose of research is description p. 98. This research also carried out a document analysis since the
researcher collected some data of the verb phrase error in the participants‟ speech in the documents. According to Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen 2010, the purpose of
document analysis is to identify specified characteristics of written or visual material p. 457.
The researcher analyzed videos to find out the data to answer the first and the second research questions. The first research question was to find out the
common verb phrase errors made by the students and the second research question was to find out the source of errors made by the students. In collecting data, the
researcher used stratified sampling. The stratified sampling was used to determine
24 the participants that the researcher studied. Ary et al. 2010 state that the
stratified sampling is used to the population which is consists of a number of subgroups or strata p. 153.
B. Research Setting
This research was conducted in Campus II Sanata Dharma University, Mrican,Yogyakarta. The researcher collected the video of the particip
ants‟ performances in the Public Speaking Class from the Public Speaking lecturer.
After getting the videos of the participants, the researcher conducted the process analysis. The researcher avoided the noisy places because they could disturb the
process of video analysis. The processes of analyzing those videos were conducted from April until September 2014.
C. Research Participants
The participants of this research were eight students of the English Language Education Study Program from batch 2011 who had taken the Public
Speaking Class. The researcher focused on the students who had taken the Public Speaking Class because they were learning to deliver speech in the Public
Speaking Class. This research used samples to get the data. This research used data
sampling to limit the number of participants. Considering the limit of time, the researcher used stratified sampling.
Ary et al. 2010 state the stratified sampling is used to the population which is consists of a number of subgroups or strata p.
