25 153. In this research, the researcher divided the participants into two groups. The
first group contained the participants who had the high level skill in delivering a speech. Then the second group contained participants who had the low level skill
in delivering a speech. The characteristics of the high level group were fluent, good pronunciation, good eye contact and clear sound. The characteristics of the
low level group were fluent less, a lot of mistakes in pronunciation, bad eye contact. The performances of all students were recorded and then the researcher
selected several videos. The selected videos were the data sampling. The criteria of the videos are 1 it has clear sound; 2 there is not much noise, and 3 it has a
complete speech.
D. Instrument and Data Gathering Technique
In this research, the researcher gathered the data from the public speaking videos. The videos were about the performances of the students in delivering
speech. The videos were the final exam of public speaking. The researcher used some instruments to gather the data. Those instruments were the human
instruments and the documents.
1. Human Instruments
According to Ary et al 2010, the human is the primary instrument for the gathering and analyzing of data p. 424. Here, the researcher is the primary
instrument of this study. The researcher actively collected and analyzed the data.
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2. Documents
The main instrument of this research was document. According to Ary et al 2010, “the materials analyzed can be textbooks, newspapers, web pages,
speeches, television programs, advertisements, musical compositions, or any of a host of other types of documents” p. 457. In this research, the type of document
was a visual document i.e. video. The videos were recorded for the public speaking final exam. The researcher transcribed the videos of the public speaking
to get the document. These videos contained the data that the researcher needed. These documents were used to answer the first and the second research
questions. The data were gathered by watching the videos containing the participants‟ speech in the Public Speaking class. The researcher transcribed all
the participants‟ speech. He played the videos many times to complete all of the transcripts. After having done doing the transcripts, he collected the errors existed
in the participants‟ speech.
E. Data Analysis Technique
There were several steps that the researcher did. Firstly, the researcher analyzed the video to find out the errors made by the students. The videos were
transcribed to make them easy to analyze. The researcher used the transcription to find out the mistakes. Then, the results were categorized based on the type of
errors. The researcher also used checklist in analyzing the errors. The checklist was used to sort out the errors to find the types and the sources of the verb phrase
errors. The researcher
used Dulay‟s classification of the errors as shown in Table
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3.1 , i.e. omission, addition, misformation, misordering, developmental error,
interlingual error, ambiguous error, other error, local error, and global error.
Table 3.1: Checklist of Verb Phrase Error Types Num Utt
Surface Structure Comparative
Communicative
Omis Add. Msf. Msor Dvlp. Intrl. Amb. Oth. Lcl. Glo
In addition, the researcher found out the verb phrase errors which are frequently
made. The researcher used Table 3.2: The Data of the Students Verb Phrase Errors Types
to know the frequency of each type of error.
Table 3.2: The Data of the Students Verb Phrase Errors Num. Surface Structure
Comparative Communicative
Omis Add. Msf. Msor. Dvlp.
Intrl. Amb. Oth. Lcl.
Glo.
Total
After identifying the type of errors, the researcher investigated the sources of the verb phrase errors made by the participants using Brown‟s classification i.e.
interlingual transfer, intralingual transfer and context of learning. After getting the
