9
5. Error Analysis
According to Nzama n.d, p. 10, “Error analysis is a type of linguistic analysis that focuses on the errors learne
rs make.” This research focuses on the errors that are made by the students. According to Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005, p.
51, “Error Analysis EA consists of a set of procedures for identifying, describing and explaining learner errors.”
6. Verb Phrase
The verb phrase is a group of words which its head was a verb. As Huddleston 1984, p.
128 states “the verb phrase consist of a head element, obligatory except in cases of ellipsis, and optionally one or more dependents.”
Other explanation comes from Hoyt n.d as he states that “verb phrase is a group
of word consisting a verb stem and any of its dependents, such as arguments, complements, or certain kinds adverbial modifiers, such as instrumental, locative,
temporal, and aspectual modifiers ” p. 1.
7. Public Speaking
The public speaking is described as speaking in front of many audiences. The speaker delivers the speech and the audiences should listen. According to
Black and Moore 1955, public speaking is one person talks and several people. He also states that public speaking represents a skill on the part of central figure
p. 302. In other words, a public speaker needs a skill to be able to talk in front of many people.
10
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter contains the explanation of the theories which are used by the researcher in conducting research. There are two sections in this chapter. The first
section is theoretical description and the second one is theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
This section is divided into three subsections: speech and public speaking, error and error analysis, and verb phrases.
1. Speech and Public Speaking
Speech is a speaking production skill. When the speech is in public it will become public speaking. In this research, the public speaking means a situation
where someone is speaking in public. According to Wilson, Arnold and Wertheimer 1990, public speaking is a speaking situation where someone
maintains the communication over a certain period of time and where other people should be quite but they still listen attentively p. 15.
2. Error and Error Analysis
This subsection covers explanation about the theories used in this research: a error, b error analysis, c type of error, and d source of error.
a. Errors
There are some people who get difficulties in defining „errors‟ and „mistakes‟. Ellis 1997 states that “error reflect gaps in learner‟s knowledge; they
Kategori