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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter contains the explanation of the theories which are used by the researcher in conducting research. There are two sections in this chapter. The first
section is theoretical description and the second one is theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
This section is divided into three subsections: speech and public speaking, error and error analysis, and verb phrases.
1. Speech and Public Speaking
Speech is a speaking production skill. When the speech is in public it will become public speaking. In this research, the public speaking means a situation
where someone is speaking in public. According to Wilson, Arnold and Wertheimer 1990, public speaking is a speaking situation where someone
maintains the communication over a certain period of time and where other people should be quite but they still listen attentively p. 15.
2. Error and Error Analysis
This subsection covers explanation about the theories used in this research: a error, b error analysis, c type of error, and d source of error.
a. Errors
There are some people who get difficulties in defining „errors‟ and „mistakes‟. Ellis 1997 states that “error reflect gaps in learner‟s knowledge; they
11 occur because the learner does not know what is correct” p. 17. It is different
with mistakes, in her book, Ellis also states that “mistakes reflect occasional
lapses in performance; they occur because, in a particular instance, the learner is unable to perform what he or she knows” p. 17. Corder 1973 states that error
is breach of code. He also called slips or false starts or confusions structure as lapses para. 259. In the other side, according to Dulay, Burt and Krashen 1982,
error is “any deviation from a selected norm of language performance, no matter what the characteristics or causes of the deviation might be” p.139.
It is very difficult to differentiate between „errors‟ and „mistakes‟. Therefore in this research
, the researcher does not differentiate between „errors‟ and „mistakes‟. This research uses theory of error that is stated by Ellis 1997,
Corder 1973, and Dulay et al. 1982. Therefore, in this research, error means the laps and breach of code or any deviation from a selected norm of language
performance.
b. Error Analysis
According to Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005, error analysis is de facto the study of the errors that the learners make in their speech and writing. Error
analysis has a set of procedures for 1 identifying, 2 describing, and 3 explaining learner error p. 51.
1 Identifying Learner Error
Identifying error is very important. Without error, this research cannot be done. According Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005, “… the identification of error
involves a comparison between what the learner produced and what a native
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