17 have learned the system of the target language but they do not master it yet.
Norrish 1983 gives some examples of a deviant structure made by the learner: 1
We are visit the zoo. 2
She must goes. 3
Yesterday I walk to the shop and I buy … In the 1 and 2, the overgeneralization is that of removing the necessity for
concord and overgeneralizing the rule of simple present. In 3, the redundancy involves the
–ed form and „yesterday‟, both indicating time past p. 32.
Context of learning refers is overlaps both types of transfer. The errors
happen because of the misleading information from the teacher explanation or material given. Nor
rish 1983 also states “Two further types of error which may be induced by teaching materials are the „false concept‟ and ignorance of rule
restrictions” p. 33.
3. Verb Phrases
Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik give explanation about characteristic of verb phrases 1972, p. 71-75.
a. Finite Verb Phrase
There are some characteristics that differentiate between the finite verb phrases and the non-finite verb phrases. Those characteristics are: tense
distinction, the verb phrase of a main clause, mood, and a finite verb form. Quirk at al. categorized the finite verb phrase into simple and complex finite verb
phrases.
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1 The Characteristics of Finite Verb Phrase
There are four characteristics of finite verb phrase. Those characteristics are tense distinction, the verb phrase of a main clause, mood, and a finite form.
a Tense distinction
Finite verb phrases have tense distinction. The distinction is present and past tense to express grammatical time relations, e.g.
He writes wrote a book .
b The verb phrase of a main clause
Finite verb phrases can occur as the verb phrase of a main clause. There is person and number concord between the subject and the finite verb, e.g.
She goes to school. They go to school.
c Mood
Finite verb phrases have mood. It indicates the speak er‟s attitude to the
predication. Contrasting to the indicative mood, the imperative mood is distinguished to express a command, and the subjunctive is to express a wish,
recommendation, and so forth. Both the imperative and the present subjunctive consist of the base form of the verb, e.g.
Open the window She suggests that he call them immediately.
d A Finite Form
Finite verb phrases have a finite verb form, e.g. She speaks loudly.
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2 Categorization of Finite Verb Phrase
There are two categorizations of finite verb phrase. Those are simple finite verb phrase and complex finite verb phrase.
a Simple Finite Verb Phrase
Simple finite verb phrase consists of only one verb. It may be imperative, present, or past.
Speak clearly
She speaks clearly. She spoke clearly.
b Complex Finite Verb Phrase
There are four basic types of complex finite verb phrase. Those types are: type A Modal Periphrastic, type B Perfective, type C Progressive, and type
D Passive.
Type A Modal Periphrastic
This Type consists of a modal or periphrastic auxiliary + the base of the verb-phrase head.
I should accompany
Type B Perfective
It consists of the auxiliary have + the –ed participle of verb-phrase head.
I have accompanied
Type C Progressive
It consists of the auxiliary be+ the –ing participle of verb-phrase head.
I am accompanying
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Type D Passive
It consists of auxiliary be + the –ed participle of the verb-phrase.
I am accompanied Besides those four types, they can also enter into various combinations
with each other. The following are the example of the combination. AB
: I should have accompanied AC
: I should be accompanying AD
: I should be accompanied BC
: I have been accompanying BD
: I have been accompanied CD
: I am being accompanied ABC : I should have been accompanying
ABD : I should have been accompanied ACD : I should be being accompanied
BCD : I have been being accompanied ABCD: I should have been being accompanied
b. Non-finite Verb Phrase
Non-finite verb phrase does not have tense distinction or imperative mood, and cannot occur in construction with a subject of a main clause.
He to talk. The correct form is He talked. Modal auxiliaries cannot occur in non-finite verb phrases since they have no non-
finite forms i.e. infinitive and participle.
