Social Capital Investment Social Capital, Its Investment, and Destructive Fishing

activities and in turn claim for the harvest. As clarified previously, the selection of fishing gears by the fishermen largely depends on their punggawa. The supply of raw materials of destructive fishing and tools for diving are generally provided by the traders in the mainland, such as Selayar, Sinjai and Bau-bau MCS 2003a. Obviously it is impossible to acquire such materials in the small remote islands of Taka Bonerate, unless they are provided by a network residing in the cities in the mainland. Social Capital in Each Island Characteristics of bonding and bridging social capital in each island are as follows: ƒ Tarupa possesses quite high bridging social capital, due to fish trading ships that obtaining fishes caught by blast and poison fishing. It also possesses vertical bonding social capital, where many of its fishers maintain a fishing patron-client relationship that support to blast or poison fishing. ƒ Rajuni Kecil and Rajuni Besar possess bonding social capital that is generally higher than bridging social capital. ƒ Barrang Caddi has outstandingly high on both the overall bonding and the vertical bonding social capital. This bonding network is predominantly supporting for poison fishing. ƒ Kapoposang has high bridging social capital, which is almost as high as its bonding social capital. This island community depends on outside actors to market fresh fish and to obtain capital for fishing.

6.3 Social Capital Investment

The studied islands have been experiencing social capital investment. These activities are regarded as building social capital, because they are disseminating particular norms, as well as promoting relationships among fishers, and between fishers and other stakeholders. Through regular engagements norms of reciprocity and trust can be developed Table 48. Alongside with the objective to improve community’s awareness on environmental issues, the activities included physical development, such as developing electricity, sanitation infrastructure, desalination system, as well as economic improvement of island residents. Table 48 Strategies and activities of community-based externally-input assistance Input assistance Rajuni Besar, Tarupa Islands Taka Bonerate MNP Input assistance Kapoposang Island Input assistance Barrang Caddi Island COREMAP LP3M 1999- 2004, 2005-on going ƒ Marine sanctuary. ƒ Conservation group. ƒ Credit union. ƒ Women activities. ƒ Monitoring- Controlling- Surveillance. YKL LEMSA 2000- 2002 ƒ Awareness raising on natural resources. ƒ Local institution strengthening ƒ Mariculture. ƒ Diving. UNHAS 2003- 2005 ƒ Marine sanctuary. LP3M 1993- 1999 ƒ Awareness raising marine conservation. ƒ Mariculture. ƒ Women activities. ƒ Form community groups. ƒ Community participation in park planning. Yasindo 1995-? ƒ Conservation group. ƒ Education. ƒ Health. ƒ Mariculture. ƒ Diving. LP3M 1989- 2000 ƒ Local institution strengthening . ƒ Conservation group. ƒ Credit union. ƒ Mariculture. ƒ Women activities. ƒ Health. WWF P3O-LIPI KSDA UNHAS 1994- 1995 ƒ Training in diving and coral reef monitoring ƒ Community mariculture project LP3M 1995- 1998 ƒ Conservation group. ƒ Credit union. ƒ Mariculture. ƒ Women activities. ƒ Health. Source: Alder and Christanty 1998; Surveys 2004, 2005. Note: WWF World Wide Fund for Nature, P3O-LIPI Indonesian Institute of Science, KSDA Natural Resources Conservation Unit of Forestry Ministry, UNHAS University of Hasanuddin i.e. Marine Science Laboratory. Taka Bonerate Atoll: Rajuni and Tarupa Islands Between 1993 and 1994, community development activities in Rajuni Kecil and Tarupa Islands were initiated by a project executed by the State Ministry of Environment, in collaboration with a South Sulawesi-based NGO, LP3M. It developed developing awareness to change habits on destructive fishing. Their strategies are focused on community participation in park planning and management. The activities included forming community groups, offering trainings for community members, raising awareness on marine conservation, developing community mariculture project, and developing alternative income generation. Three community groups were established: an enterprise group focusing on saving and loan to provide capital for fishers, an environmental conservation group, and a group of women entrepreneurs focusing on micro- enterprises, such as village kiosks and home industries. In 1994, World Wide Fund for Nature WWF provided additional training in diving and coral reef monitoring that was designed for the Marine National Park management KSDA, LP3M and local residents. In addition, a community mariculture project giant clams Tridacna spp. and Trochus at Rajuni was coordinated by LP3M, KSDA and University of Hasanuddin Alder and Christianty 1998. However, any mariculture projects introduced to these islands were never successfully worked out. In 1999, this NGO facilitated the development of island-wide electricity in Rajuni Kecil, with donor assistance from JICA-Japan. Between 1999 and 2004, it worked on Coremap program that focused on marine conservation as well as economic development LP3M 2002; LP3M 2004. Barrang Caddi Island LP3M started to arrive in the island in 1989 and lasted until 2000. The activities included forming community groups, offering trainings for community members, raising awareness on marine conservation, providing financial supports to obtain machine for fishing boats. Three community groups of conservation, women, and credit revolving institution were formed. Further, it initiated the establishment of new fishermen groups by providing capital support. These groups were promoted to carry out environmentally- friendly marine utilization and avoided blast and poison fishing. Each group received a loan as a working capital and the leader was responsible for its return. The training on managing group was also introduced. Additionally, since end of 2003 a Coastal Partnership Program executed by the Center for Coral Reef Study CCRS, University of Hasanuddin was arrived in Barrang Caddi. The main objective of this program is to initiate the establishment of community marine sanctuaries. Kapoposang Island The community assistance in this island dated back in 1995, subsequent to government’s policy in designating Kapoposang Island as part of the Marine Tourism Park LP3M 1996. The activities were carried out between 1995 and 1998 by LP3M, which were among others, forming community groups, offering trainings for community members, raising awareness on marine conservation, developing community mariculture project. Three community groups of conservation, women, and credit revolving institution were formed in 1995. Later, a Makassar-based NGO named Yasindo arrived in 1995 and assisted the presence of teaching assistants for the local elementary school. It then facilitated the community conservation group, developed mariculture project, and offered scholarship to students. Between 2000 and 2002, a Kapoposang Care Consortium KCC consisting of two Makassar-based NGOs namely YKL and LEMSA, was established. The program was funded by the Global Environment Facility – Small Grants Program UNDP. The program was aimed at promoting co-management of the marine resources based on conservation principles. The objectives were twofold, namely to promote the autonomy of local residents to manage the marine resources founded on conservation principles, and to promote a policy which is integrated, just and based on community KCC 2003. The activities offered by this program were such as raising awareness on marine conservation, developing community mariculture project, improving group management and supporting community- based policy development.

6.4 Building Social Capital for Collective Action