Institutional Arrangements General Conditions of Study Sites

4.2 Institutional Arrangements

The study sites lie in different administrative areas, within South Sulawesi Province Table 16. Taka Bonerate atoll lies in Selayar District. Barrang Caddi Island in Makassar city, while Kapoposang Island in Pangkajene Archipelago or Pangkep District. Further, each has distinct institutional arrangements with respect to resource management that carried out by government institutions. Table 16 Formal institutional arrangements of studied islands Islands Level Tarupa, Rajuni Kecil, Rajuni Besar Barrang Caddi Kapoposang National Taka Bonerate Marine National Park – Kapoposang Tourism Marine Park District Selayar District Makassar Municipality Pangkep District Village Rajuni Village and Tarupa Village Barrang Caddi Sub-sub district Mattiro Ujung Village Taka Bonerate Atoll Taka Bonerate has been designated by the Ministry of Forestry as a marine national park since 1992, covering an area of 530,765 Ha, in which the area of coral reefs is around 222,000 Ha Ministry of Forestry, 1997. The national government through the Ministry of Forestry places an institution to protect the area, namely the Management Authority of Taka Bonerate Marine National Park BTN-TBR. Three park rangers are assigned and resided in each of eight islands, out of which seven are inhabited islands. Their mission is to monitor their area for 12-18 days per month. They are facilitated by speedboats, communication device and armaments. In addition, the park zonation has been established in the area, namely 1 conservation or core zone; 2 buffer zone; and 3 multiple-use zone. In order to receive support from the island residents, since 1993, BTN-TBR often organized meetings with local community to disseminate information on the function of marine national park. Nevertheless, breach of rules is sometimes happened as fishermen fishing in these core zones when park rangers are not around. The existing core zones of Taka Bonerate MNP Coremap-ACIL 2000: 1. Latondu Kecil Island. ƒ No activities of any kind, whether consumptive or non-consumptive are permitted except: − Non-extractive, non-manipulative research and monitoring with written permit from the management authority. − Monthly harvesting of coconuts by the community of Latondu Besar, upon written notification of the management authority by the Forum in Latondu Besar, and with supervision by staff of the management authority. 2. Bungin Tinanja. ƒ No activities of any kind, whether consumptive or non-consumptive are permitted except: − Non-extractive, non-manipulative research and monitoring with written permit from the management authority. − The right to access to the island and anchor in sandy areas during the period 1 July to October 31. 3. Ampalasa Island. ƒ No activities of any kind, whether consumptive or non-consumptive are permitted except: − Non-extractive, non-manipulative research and monitoring with written permit from the management authority. 4. Balaloong Timur Reefs, Kumai Barat Reefs. ƒ No activities of any kind, whether consumptive or non-consumptive are permitted except: − Non-extractive, non-manipulative research and monitoring with written permit from the management authority. Kapoposang Kapoposang Island is part of the Kapoposang Tourism Marine Park TMP. Kapoposang TMP has been designated by the Ministry of Forestry as a tourism marine national park by a Forestry Ministerial Decree in 1996. Kapoposang TMP covers the area of 50,000 Ha. Specific zonation in Kapoposang TMP has been determined by the government, however, it is largely unknown to local people and fishermen, while no boundaries and mooring buoys existed KCC 2003. The monitoring of Kapoposang TMP is under the responsibility of the Natural Resource Conservation Agency BKSDA headquartered in Makassar city. Supposedly, regular monitoring is carried out by two park rangers who live in the area, but, in practice the duty was rarely carried out and delegated to the park ranger assistants, consist of two island residents who were appointed to assist the daily monitoring of the area and received remuneration for their assignment. Barrang Caddi There is no special designated area for Barrang Caddi. It is situated in the inner part of Spermonde archipelago and relatively close to the provincial capital of South Sulawesi, Makassar City. Resource Users Accessibility to resource system is shaped by institutional arrangement of the resource system, which has an effect on the research use patterns. Common to most marine areas within the Indonesian jurisdiction, Taka Bonerate Atoll has been exploited by resident and external fishers. They would use various fishing gears, including those of destructive and not destructive. External fishers come from other part of the province such as Galesong Takalar and Sinjai; and even from outside the province such as from Buton and Java including Madura. The external fishers are having more sophisticated fishing gears such as purse seine and lift net, than that of the resident fishers. In Barrang Caddi, the same situations preserves. The resource system is open access to any fishermen. However, communal arrangements are agreed by fishermen who normally fish in some area. For example, in the fishing grounds where Barrang Caddi fishermen usually fish, i.e. in the marine area of Lumu-lumu and Langkai islands, there are unwritten rules that some areas are for hook and line fishing and other areas are for poison fishing. The surrounding marine area of Kapoposang has been the fishing grounds for many fishers coming from various places, such as the neighboring islands Pandangan and Gondong Bali, the islands within Spermonde, or from other area of South Sulawesi Province namely Polmas, Pare-pare, Barru and Sappuka. External fishers are utilizing small-scale or large-scale fishing gears, such as purse seine.

4.3 Community Livelihoods