using explosive, muroami and over fishing UNDPFAO Report 1982 in Soekarno 1989: 68.
Data in 1989 shows that the average percent cover of coral colonies along the upper reef slope of the islands of Rajuni Besar, Rajuni Kecil, Tinanja, Tarupa
Kecil, Latondu Kecil and Jinato ranged from 40 to 59 Table 30 Soekarno 1989. The latest investigation in 2000 showed that the average hard coral cover
is 50 Table 31. After four years of community assistance, the external assistance in these islands has not been certain if the ecological condition of
coral reefs was improved LP3M 2002b.
Table 30 Reef substrates cover and number of coral genera at Taka Bonerate
Atoll in 1989
Percent cover Substrate
Jinato Island
Latondu Timur
Island Latondu
Barat Island
Rajuni Kecil
Island Rajuni
Besar Island
Tinanja Island
Tarupa Island
Average Sand
9.5 12 19.5 11 15 8.5 22 13.9 Rubble 20
12 20.5
6 14.5
6 22.5 14.5
Turf algae 35 26.5 30 35 39.5
51.5 38 36.5
Coral 51.5
59 53 45 40
37.5 46 47.4
Soft coral 37
37.75 31
19 28.5
62 54.5
38.5 Seagrass
algae 12 0.5 35.5
34 39.5
2 19 20.3 Number coral
genera 24 20 23 34
29 34 28 -
Source: Soekarno 1989.
Table 31 Average percent of hard coral cover at Taka Bonerate MNP in 2000
Percent of hard coral cover Location
From Manta tows
From detailed survey
B. Tinanja 24
47.5 Ampalasa Island
14 48.0
Latondu Kecil Island 23
48.0 Rajuni Kecil Island
33 58.1
Tinabo Besar Island 20
48.1 Balanda Reef
26 54.8
Bongko Reef 22
47.2 Bubbe Reef
24 48.9
Gama Reef 23
50.4 Gantarang Reef
No data 49.4
Kumai Reef 23
51.6 Rajuni Reef
37 54.9
Teros Reef 31
48.5 T. Tumbor
27 45.4
Average 25 50.1
Source: Coremap-ACIL 2000.
Barrang Caddi and Kapoposang
Coral reef condition in Barrang Caddi Island was only 25 in good condition, while in Kapoposang is 70 Table 32.
Table 32 Coral reef condition in South Sulawesi in 2003
City District Area of coral reef
Ha Percent
Damaged Percent
Good
Makassar
1
1.80 45.56
54.44 Barrang Caddi Island
0.5 75
25 Pangkep
2
210,455.03 54
46 Kapoposang Island
500 30
70 Selayar
3
No data
Source: DKP South Sulawesi 2003. Note:
1
Barrang Caddi Island lies in Makassar City.
2
Kapoposang Island lies in Pangkep District.
3
Taka Bonerate atoll lies in Selayar District.
The living coral cover in Barrang Caddi is in between 10-50. Western and Southern part of Barrang Caddi had good coral reef condition, with living coral
between 70-80 Table 33. On the other hand, the coral cover in Kapoposang TMP were in the range of 40-60 and of 60 Table 34.
Table 33 Coral cover in Barrang Caddi Island in 2005
Percent cover Location
Depth m
Hard coral
Soft coral
Sponge Rubble Sand Dead
coral East
2 - 17 10
- -
- 70
20 South
2 - 17 50
10 5
25 10
15 West
2 - 20 40
10 -
- 60
20 North
2 - 15 30
- -
20 60
- Source: PSTK Unhas 2005.
Table 34 Type of marine habitat in Kapoposang TMP
Type of habitat Area Ha
Percent
Shallow turbid waters max. 5m 150.55
0.30 Deep sedimentary areas 5m; sedimentary areas 60
25.65 0.05
Coral formation, deep waters 5m; coral cover 60 4,701.00
9.40 Coral formation, shallow waters 5m; coral cover 60
45.62 0.09
Spare coral formation; coral cover 40-60 5,372.58
10.75 Dense reef flat; hard substratum 60
3.40 0.007
Scattered reef flat; hard substratum 40-60 671.58
1.34 Shallow sedimentary areas; sand and rubble 60
2,686.29 5.37
Seagrass beds 184.90
0.37 Beaches 84.00
0.17 Deep sea
36,074.43 72.15
Total 50,000.00 100.00
Source: MREP Part A, BCEOM South Sulawesi Thematic Map, Pulau Kapoposang, Sheet Sangkarang 01, 1996, scale 1:50,000, in Ministry of Forestry 1998.
5.2 State of Destructive Fishing
