Chapter 8 Rules, Rule Making and Rule Breaking:
Protection of Community Marine Sanctuary
8.1 Background
Establishment marine sanctuaries is one of the strategy put forward in the local level, which has been offered in many countries, for example in the
Philippines Pollnac and Crawford 2002. The approach is to include local community in marine conservation-related activities with respect to marine
sanctuaries, which are done by mapping marine resources, determining sanctuaries, managing and monitoring sanctuaries.
Nevertheless, the success of rules established depends on: ability to monitor fisher behavior; rates of change in resource use; the level of interaction
between fishers and their families; ability to exclude outsiders; and collective support for monitoring and enforcement Grafton 2005. The compliance of rules
on resource use depends on the likelihood of getting caught and the scale of the penalties Jentoft 2000: 141.
Designing monitoring and sanctioning arrangements that sustain themselves over time is another delicate, difficult, higher-order, supply-side
provision task involved in transforming a CPR dilemma. Even the best rules are never self-enforcing. It is usually the case that once most appropriators follow
these rules, there are strong temptations for some appropriators to break them. Unless the rewards received by the individual who monitors and sanctions
someone else are high enough, each potential monitor faces a situation where not monitoring and not sanctioning may be the individually preferred strategy
even though everyone would be better off if that strategy were not chosen. Ostrom et al. 1994: 48
8.2 Sanctuary Establishment
The establishment of community-based marine sanctuaries was facilitated by the external assistance in Taka Bonerate MNP and Barrang Caddi Island. It
has twofold objectives, namely 1 protecting marine ecosystem, rehabilitating a degraded coral reef system andor replenishing fish stocks; and 2 improving
community’s ability to plan, implement, monitor and evaluate the sanctuary. This effort has been proposed in many part of world and categorized as Marine
Protected Areas MPA program. The process of sanctuary establishment included community meetings to
inform the benefits of sanctuaries, determine the location of sanctuaries, discuss monitoring efforts, and develop rules and sanctions. In all cases, the sanctuary
was selected based on the following criteria: it is easy to monitor, located in the vicinity of the island, not disturb daily fishermen and community activities, and
has a good condition of coral reefs and fishes LP3M 2002; PSTK-Unhas 2004.
Table 59 Community marine sanctuaries
Taka Bonerate Atoll
Rajuni Kecil Rajuni Besar
Tarupa Barrang
Caddi Area of sanctuary
42.7 Ha unknown in
precise 48.125 Ha
3 and 9 Ha Year of
establishment 1999 2001 1999 2004
Facilitating agent Coremap
LP3M Coremap
LP3M Coremap
LP3M CCRS
Facilitation frequency
Live-in Live-in Live-in Regular visit
Source: Laude and Azis 2002; PSTK-UNHAS 2004; Surveys 2004, 2005.
8.3 Rules Compliance