The Definition of Conditional Sentence Types of conditional sentences

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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter discusses about the definition of conditional sentence, Types of conditional sentence, the function of conditional sentence. This chapter will also present about the definition of interactive technique, interactive principles, strategies for interactive learning, stages of interactive technique, and the previous of related studies.

A. Conditional Sentence

1. The Definition of Conditional Sentence

Conditional sentence or if clause is one of the materials in English grammar. Espino and Santamaria explain that a conditional is a declarative sentence which has two propostions by using the connective “if”. It has a main clause and a subordinate clause if clause. 1 Another expert, Cowan states that conditional sentence contains a proposition or condition and the result clause contains about what happens if the conditional is fulfilled. 2 Celce - Murcia and Larsen - Freeman also conclude that a conditional is a complex sentence that consists of a main clause and a subordinate clause and begins with the adverbial subordinator if. 3 Moreover, according to Cobuild, conditional clause is a subordinate clause that usually begin with “if”. The event described in the main clause depends on the condition described in the subordinate clause. 4 Therefore, it can be summarized that conditional sentence is a sentence which contains two clauses, the if clause and the result of the clause if it is fulfilled. There are three different types of conditional 1 Orlando Espino Carlos Santamaria, Initial Models in Conditionals : Evidence from Priming, The Spanish Journal of Psychology, vol.11. no.1, 2008, pp. 36 - 47. 2 Ron Cowan, The Teacher’s Grammar of English, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2008, p.449. 3 . Marianne Celce- Murcia Diane Larsen-Freeman, The Grammar Book, Newyork : Heinle, 1998 , p.546. 4 Collins Cobuild, English Grammar, Birmingham: Collins Cobuild, 2011. p.15. relationship, factual conditional, future or predictive conditional, and imaginative conditional relationships. The explanation about the types of conditional will be discussed further.

2. Types of conditional sentences

According to some experts, there are some types of conditional sentences. Based on Celce Murcia Larsen Freeman idea, they divide the types of conditional sentence into three part. The first is factual, second is future predictive, and the last is imaginative. Figure 2.1 A Semantic Hierarchy of Conditional Sentence Types Adapted From The Grammar Book 5 Cowan is also agree with Celce-Murcia Larsen-Freeman, he categorizes the similar type of conditional sentence. 6 Those parts are also separated into smaller unit. Factual conditional contains of timeless and bound. In timeless, there are generic and habitual factual conditional sentence. A relationship of sentence which is true or based on the fact is 5 Marianne Celce- Murcia Diane Larsen-Freeman, The Grammar Book, Newyork : Heinle, 1998 , p.548. 6 Ron Cowan, The Teacher’s Grammar of English, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 449 -458. called generic factual conditional sentence. Whereas, habitual factual conditional sentence is not bounded with time, it is based on the repeated action which we often do regularly which is called habit. The next part of factual time bound deals with implicit and explicit inference conditional sentence. Implicit conditional deals with indirect meaning and explicit with directed meaning. The other experts such as Plye defines a different term to give the label of the first conditional sentence into real conditions. 7 The real condition indicates an action or event which is possibly true and it is categorized into future time, habitual, and command. The future time predicts the event that will happen, whereas for habitual, it mainly focus on the repeated event or action which is routine, the last is command it actually asks someone to do something. Another term of the first conditional sentence is also stated by Sofyan in his book of Kiat Sukses Lulus Ujian Bahasa Inggris, he defines the first conditional sentence as present real. It tells about an event that will happen today or in the future if the condition is fulfilled. 8 However, in the book of Grammar for English Language Teachers, The first conditional sentence has the different term with previous experts. It is called as “first” or “future” conditional. 9 In that book, Parrot also expands the first conditional into some various form, such as in imperative, present continuous, present perfect, and the use of “should” for emphasizing the formality. The writer summarizes some similarities and differences of term for the first conditional sentence. The similarities between Celce Murcia and Pyle, define the same term of habitual. Next, the term of real 7 Michael A.Pyle Mary Ellen Munoz Page, TOEFL-Preparation Guide Test of English As A Foreign Language, New Delhi : Wiley, 2002, pp. 116 - 117. 8 Fahmi Sofyan, Kiat Sukses Lulus Ujian Bahasa Inggris, Jakarta : Pustaka Tarbiyah Baru, 2008, p.50. 9 Martin Parrot, Grammar for English Language Teachers, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 273. condition of Pyle is also mentioned by Hewings 10 . Whereas, the present real is mentioned by Sofyan. Second, Parrot and Foley Hall also mention the similar term of first conditional sentence, they also add one type of conditional sentence, it precedes the present real. It is zero conditional 11 , it is used to deliver a general truth or fact, whereas the others do not mention about it. Third, Pyle and Parrot have the smaller part of first conditional sentence, it is command or imperative. Both experts mention that command or imperative is included in real conditions, on the other hand the others do not explain about it. Based on the semantic hierarchy of conditional from Celce -Marcia Larsen - Freeman, the next category of conditional sentence is called as future predictive. They divided into strong condition result and the degrees of weakened condition of result. Strong condition result express future plans and contingencies. Whereas, degrees of weakened condition of result express that the result clause is not always possibly strong, the prediction can be weak by sub stitute the word of “will” with “may or should”. According to the writer, this term is still similar with the others‟ expert thought about conditional sentence, but the position is still in the first conditional sentence or in present real. The next semantic hierarcy from Celce-Marcia and Larsen - freeman is called imaginative. According to them, imaginative conditional is the most problematic conditional than the others because of the tense used. The past tense refers to the present time and the past perfect tense refers to past time. 12 In imaginative conditional, they divided into hypothetical present - future and counterfactual present - past. Hypothetical conditionals express the speaker‟s belief about events to be 10 Martin Hewings, Advanced Grammar in Use, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 198. 11 Mark Foley Diane Hall, Advanced Learner’s Grammar : A Self - Study Reference Practice Book with Answers, Harlow : Longman, 2003, p. 120. 12 Marianne Celce- Murcia Diane Larsen-Freeman, The Grammar Book, Newyork : Heinle, 1998 , p.551. unlikely yet possible. In contrast, counterfactual conditionals express impossible events or states. Another expert such as Pyle states the second conditional sentence as unreal conditions. It shows that the events result will be not true. Hewings is also agree with Pyle‟s idea about the second conditional sentence, which is called as unreal conditionals, whereas present unreal is categorized by Sofyan as the second conditional sentence. According to him, the result event of present unreal will be contrary to the fact with present condition. However, Foley Hall define the second conditional sentence as the unlikely or improbable conditional. Another expert such as Parrot give the label of the second conditional as hypothetical or unreal conditional. It is used to speculate about something which is impossible or contrary to the fact. There are also some similarities and differences from the experts‟ thought about second conditional sentence. The similarities arise from Pyle and Hewings, they categorize it into unreal conditions. Second, Parrot defines the similar term with Celce-MurciaLarsen Freeman about hypothetical conditional. However, the different term of second conditional sentence is mentioned by Folley Hall as improbable conditional. The last type of conditional sentence is categorized by Celce- Murcia Larsen - Freeman as counterfactual conditionals. However, Sofyan indicates the third conditional sentence as past unreal. It means that the result event will be contrary to the fact with the past. All in all, the writer concludes that the type of conditional sentence are categorized into three. Present real - Present unreal - and Past unreal. Eventhough some experts use the different term of each types, they still have the same meaning and intention. Based on the explanation above about types of conditional sentences, the example will be presented below : a Generic Factual Conditional Sentences Generic factual conditional express relationship which is true or unchanging. The systematic form of this type is present tense, it also occurs in both clauses. For example :  If we heat the water, it boils.  If it rains, the soil gets wet.  If you heat ice, it melts.  If today is 17 August, Indonesia celebrates an Independence Day.  If Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia, the central goverment is on it. Those examples, show that a general truth is never changing so the form is always in simple present tense. b Habitual Factual Conditionals Habitual Factual Conditional is not bounded in time. The relationship is based on the habit. Habit is a repeated action which we often do regularly. For example :  If Zahra wakes up early, she comes on time to school.  If Zafitri always studies hard, she gets a scholarship.  If the students often collect their work on time, they get a good mark.  If Zulaika always eat carrots, her eyes is healthy.  If Hanif Hanifah often do an exercise, they will be more healthy and fresh. The examples above show that the activity becomes the habit, so the form is still in present tense for both sentences if clause - main clause. c Implicit and Explicit Inference Conditionals In factual conditional, there are two types of the time. The first is timeless and second is time-bound. Timeless means that the signal of the time is not directly connected, meanwhile for the timebound. The time is connected, for example in the implicit and explicit inference. Implicit inference use much wider range of tense and aspect markers, they also occurs with certain modal auxiliaries. For example :  If smog can be licked in Jakarta, it can be licked everywhere.  If someone’s at the door, it must be Siska.  If we can reduce the pollution, we can get the fresh air everywhere. The if clause indicates an event that is bounded in time, and the result clause refers to an action that can be logically inferred. Meanwhile, explicit inference means there is no strict parallelism of tense, aspect, or modal in both clauses. For example :  if that call is for me, it should be Zidan.  If someone’s at the door, it must be Hanif.  If he has a luxury car, he must be rich. An explicit inference is made on the result- clause, about some time-bound event , action or fact. The result clause also contains an inferential modal, using must or should. d Future Conditional Sentences Strong Condition and Result This type of conditional sentence shows future plans or something that might possibly happen in the future, that usually „causing problems‟ or „making further arrangements necessary‟. For example :  If it rains, I’ll stay at home.  If you attend the class, you will get a further explanation about the lesson for quiz.  If Zaskia borrows some books at the library, she will work until midnight. e Future Conditional Sentences Degrees of Weakened Condition or Result The result of main clause is not sufficiently enough to warrant the use of will or be going to. Sometimes a weaker modal of prediction such as may or should can be used. For example :  If you finish your vegetables, I may buy you some ice creams. From the example, the result clause is weaker than the use of „will‟. . The scale of prediction can be categorized as : will, be going to = certain strong result should = probable may = possible stronger than might might = possible weaker than may. f Imaginative Conditional Sentences There are two types of imaginative, there are hypothetical and counterfactuals conditional sentences. Hypothetical conditional express what the speaker‟s belief to be unlikely yet possible events. For example :  If I got a wedding invitation, I would go there.  If my friend came, I would learn together with her For the counterfactual, it refers to impossibilities events or states. For example :  If my grandfather had still been alive in 1993, he would have been 85 years old.  If she had studied English, she would have gotten a good carrier in her job. g Present Real Conditional Sentence Present real conditional describes about the future thing that will happen.According to Pyle, an action or situation will occur if the circumstances in the main clause are met. 13 The first type of conditional sentence is : For example :  If a website is popular, people will talk about it.  If it is winter, the weather will be cold.  If you mix yellow and blue, you will get green. The other experts such as Leech Svartvik give the label of this type as an open condition. 14 It means that the truth or the falsehood of the sentence is unknown exactly. For instance, I will help him, if he needs it. From the example of the sentence, the meaning can be true or false depend on the context. That‟s why it is called as “open”. h Present Unreal Conditional Sentence Unreal conditional expresses a situation that would take place if the circumtances expressed were in the past. The result of the action is also contrary to the fact. Blass et al conclude that this type of conditional describe imagined situations. The second type of conditional sentence : For example :  If I had the time, I would go. The fact is : I don’t have the time so I will not go.  If today were Sunday, they would go to the beach. 13 Michael A.Pyle Mary Ellen Munoz Page, TOEFL-Preparation Guide Test of English As A Foreign Language, New Delhi : Wiley, 2002, p.114. 14 Geoffrey Leech Jan Svartvik, A Communicative Grammar of English, America : Pearson, 2003, p.207. If Clause Simple Present Tense, Main Clause Simple Future Tense If Clause Simple Past Tense. Main Clause WouldShould The fact is : Today is not Monday so they will not go to the beach.  If I had alot of money, I would go around the world. The fact : I don’t have alot of money so I will not go around the world. Hewings reports that in unreal conditionals, we can also use couldmight.should have instead of would have. 15 For example, if I lived out of town, I could take up gardening. We also call it as hypothetical. Hypothetical conditional express what the speaker perceives to be unlikely yet possible events or states in the if clause. i Past Unreal Conditional Sentence The third conditional sentence also an action which happened in the past past perfect. and it is also contrary to the fact. Blass et al define that past unreal conditionals express situations that were not true in the past. They describe something that was possible but did not happen. The third conditional sentence is : For example :  If she had seen the movie, she would have told you. The fact is : she didn’t see the movie so she would not tell you.  If you had come ontime, you would not have missed the train. The fact is : You didn’t come ontime, so you would miss the train.  If Zaskia had won the first prize, she would have bought a new house. The fact is : Zaskia did nit win the first prize, so she would not buy a new house. 15 Martin Hewings, Advanced Grammar in Use, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 208. If Clause Past Perfect Tense, Main Clause Would have According to Pyle, the third type of conditional sentence is difficult for foreign students to understand because the fact of the sentence is the opposite of the sentence which appears. When the conditional sentence is negative, the meaning is actually positive and so on. 16 This type is also called as counterfactual. Counterfactual conditionals refer to impossibilities with reference to the present or the past. Dancygier and Sweetser state that the meaning of counterfactuality is not directly means as the form sentence mentioned, but it depends on the contextuality and inference of the sentence. 17

3. The Function of Conditional Sentences