The first conditional sentence emphasizes about the possible future
events or situation and the results. For example : If you work hard in examination, you will get the
best score.
The second conditional sentence describes about the improbable future event or situation. The condition is unlikely to be fulfilled
because the future event is unlikely to happen. For example : If I were you, I would not reach my dream to be
true. The fact means : Iam not you, so I will reach my dream to be
true.
The third conditional sentence express the hypothetical in the past. The event happen in the past, and the meaning is contrary to the
fact. For example : If Indonesia had had a winter, it could have been
snow everywhere. The fact is : Indonesia did not have a winter so it could not be
snow everywhere.
B. Interactive Technique
1 Definition of Interactive Technique
Interactive technique is one of the technique which is familiar in CLT Communicative Language Teaching. Brown defines that interactive
is collaborative exchange of thoughts, feelings, or ideas between to or more people and it gives a reciprocal effect on each other.
20
According to Savignon, the central idea of Communicative Language Teaching is
communicative competence, in term of expression, interpretation, and
19
Mark Foley Diane Hall, Advanced Learner’s Grammar : A Self - Study Reference
Practice Book with Answers, Harlow : Longman, 2003, pp. 121 - 123.
20
H. Douglas Brown, Teaching by Principles, Sanfransisco : Pearson, 2000, p.165.
negotiation of meaning.
21
Xiao Yan also states that communicative competence can be achieved through interactive classroom teaching.
22
She also said that an eclectic approach can make the learning process becomes
interactive. Brown also agree with her that communicative competence is actually deals with interactive.
23
So, the way to create an interactive classroom teaching can be achieved through eclectic.
Another expert such as Brown , explains in his book of “Teaching
by Principles ” that eclectic approach includes some basic principles of
learning and teaching which can be designed and evaluated for classroom lesson.
24
It means that eclectic in English language teaching is a teaching- learning process where various media are used in a classroom. The
variations of the learning can create an inspiring and motivating the students to learn communicatively.
25
This is an alternative way to teach grammar actively, not only just for testable but also can stimulate students
to be communicative. The students will have more involvement and responsibility for the learning process.
26
The characteristic of interactive technique is the student can be motivated to use their knowledge and also
in a contextual way . To use this technique is also needed lots of examples, so that patterns of the usage can be seen and the students will easily use it
communicatively.
27
The current era of Communicative Language Teaching CLT demands student to be able to speak communicatively and interactively.
Considering to that era, interactive learning is needed.
21
Sandra J. Savignon, Interpreting Communicative Language Teaching-Contexts and Concerns in Teacher Education, London : Yale University Press, 2002, p.1.
22
Yun, Xiao Yan, Interactive Grammar Teaching, Asian EFL Journal, vol 17.no. 3, 2012, pp.34-37.
23
H. Douglas Brown, Teaching by Principles, Sanfransisco : Pearson, 2000, p.48.
24
Ibid., p.40.
25
Yun, Xiao Yan, Interactive Grammar Teaching, Asian EFL Journal, vol 17.no. 3, 2012, pp.34-37.
26
Nick Hall John Shepheard, The Anti Grammar Book, England : Longman, 1991, p.6.
27
Hughes R. Carter McCarthy, Exploring Grammar in Context : Upper Intermediate and Advanced, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press, 2000 p.5.
2 Interactive Principles
There are 7 principles of interactive learning. All of those principles can be a beneficial guideline to create an interactive learning.
a. Automaticity
The first principle of interactive is automaticity. Automaticity means when we talk to each other,
we don‟t need to think about the grammatical or rigid rules of language. Automaticity also
creates the communication or interaction naturally. The paramount thing in interaction is the message or the meaning. It
becomes one of the important principle of interactive because if the interaction don‟t happen automatically, the atmosphere of
interactive will not occur, because there is no reciprocal communication. For example, if we are accustomed with a
language of our mother tongue, it has already become an automaticity for us in delivering the speech
. We don‟t need to think about the language when we want to interact with each
other.
b. Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation is a basic characteristic of a person which can create an enthusiasm for doing something. It becomes one
of the important principle of interactive because when students can engage with each other in speech acts of fulfillment, it can
give a satisfied feeling for students.So, they will try to appreciate their own competence by developing a system of
self reward. It also can be beneficial for students‟ learning.
When they have already implemented this principle, students will practice and train to be better in every occasion.
c. Strategic Invesment
The third principle of interactive is strategic investment. It also becomes important because interaction need a strategic
language competence in order to make certain decisions on
how to say or write or interpret language, and to make repairs when communication pathways are blocked. The first nature of
interaction is automaticity. It is related with this principle. When the interaction happens, the spontaneous of automaticity
is needed, so the strategic invesment play a big role for production and comprehension of a language.
d. Risk - Taking
The next category of interactive principle is risk-taking. The basic principle of interaction is spontaneous of automaticity. It
means that interaction also requires the risk of failing to produce intended meaning, of failing to interpret intended
meaning. So, being laughed, or rejected when the mistake of the interaction happen is not totally false. The essential thing is
the nature of interactive communication.
e. The language - Culture Connection
The language of culture connection is always related with the interaction because every people is actually different. They
come from the different region and also different mother tongue. It gives a cultural loading for the interactive speech.
Therefore, someone who is involved in an interaction give a various cultural content.
f. Interlanguage
The next principle of interactive is interlanguage. The previous principle has already mentioned about the language - culture
connection. It is still related to each other, because of the cultural content in communication, the complexity of
interaction is also happen. It makes the process of acquisition develop.
Therefore, some
error of
production and
comprehension will be a part of the development. Here, the teacher‟s feedback is so important for this process.
g. Communicative Competence
The last principle of interactive is communicative competence. It becomes one of the important thing in interaction because all
of the elements of communicative competence are involved in human interaction. For example, based on grammatical,
pragmatic, strategic, or meaning are become the part of communicative. All aspects must work together to make an
interactive situation.
3 Strategies for Interactive Learning
One of the best ways to develop an interactive learning is through creating the strategies of questions. There are several steps which can
be achieved : a.
The questions should give the opportunity for the students to produce language comfortably.
b. The questions can serve to iniatiate a chain reaction of student
interaction among themselves. c.
The questions should give the instructor immediate feedback about student comprehension. After that, the teacher can diagnose the
linguistic or content difficul ties from student‟s response.
d. The questions should also provide the opportunities to find out
what they think by hearing what they say.
4 Stages of Interactive Technique
Xiao-Yun defines an interactive grammar as an eclectic approach. The way to create the interactive technique is through a various
media
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. Firstly, Yun used some media such as pictures for comparing the prepositions on, above, under, and over. She provided some
28
Yun, Xiao Yan, Interactive Grammar Teaching, Asian EFL Journal, vol 17.no. 3, 2012, pp.34-37.
different pictures and after that give some trigger questions for the students for answering that questions by comparing the prepositions.
She also used different colors and fonts in reviewing tenses. The text was projected onto the screen and the students were asked to write
three sentences of different tenses with the verbs that were given and check the sentences by doing a peer-correction.
Another media which was used by Yun was video clips. They were inserted in the power point slides in order to add a touch entertainment
and variety and also to encourage the students to notice the language form in watching movies. Those media were provided in order to
encourage the students to actively participate in the interactive activities.
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C. Teaching Conditional Sentence by Using Interactive Technique
