Concept of Speaking Theoretical Description 1. Speaking

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter elaborates the theories of the variables which are investigated in this research. They are positioned as theoretical underpinnings which build the foundations to conduct this research. The concepts that will be described as follows are theories of speaking, Community Language Learning, Situational Language Teaching and Self-confidence. The rationale and hypotheses are also included in this chapter

A. Theoretical Description 1. Speaking

a. Concept of Speaking

Speaking is a speech production that becomes a part of our daily activities Thornbury 2005:8. Speaking skill involves four domains: linguistic competence, communicative competence, strategic competence and social competence Littlewood, 1981: 6. First, linguistic competence requires that students should improve their ability in manipulating language system to express messages or ideas. Secondly, communicative competence encourages them to differentiate between the forms of language used and the communicative function which is going to be performed. Third, strategic competence will encourage them to improve their ability and strategy to use the language as effectively as possible in a commit to user real situation. And fourth, social competence suggests that the students should be aware of social functions of the forms of language used. Mastering the art of speaking is the single most important aspect of learning a second or foreign language, and success is measured in terms of the ability to carry out a conversation in the language Nunan, 2000: 39. Thornbury 2005: 9 states we noted that speaking consists of at least three stages: conceptualization, formulation, articulation during which the speakers is also engaged in self monitoring. Meanwhile, Harmer 2007: 343 proposes that if students want to be able to speak fluently in English, they need to be able to pronounce phonemes correctly, use appropriate stress and intonation patterns and speak in connected speech. From the definitions above, the researcher concludes that speaking is the ability to carry out a conversation, to have conceptualization, formulation and articulation, to be able to pronounce phonemes correctly, to use appropriate stress and intonation pattern and to speak in connected speech. In other words, we can summarize the elements of speaking into five components: pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension.

b. Activities in Speaking Class