Reduplication Conversion Derivational Inflectional

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2.3.3. Reduplication

Reduplication is the morphemic process of word that reduplicates the base form whether it is partial, whole word, or even the changing of sounds. For examples, “handy-dandy”, “bow-wow”, “chit-chat”, “walkie-talkie”, “zig-zag”, etc. In Bahasa Indonesia, for example ,“lelaki” partial reduplication,“mondar-mandir” reduplication with the changing of sounds, and “meja-meja” reduplication of whole word.

2.3.4. Conversion

Conversion or zero derivation is the process of word formation from the word to other word without any segmental changes. For example, the word “sheep” is the singular free morpheme, if it is changed into plural it is still “sheep” because there no any segmental changes. Compared with the singular “dog”, if it is changed into plural it will be “dogs” the affixation process with the addition of -s.

2.3.5. Derivational

Parera 1994:21 states that “derivasi adalah sebuah proses pembentukan kata yang terjadi apabila sebuah kata bermorfem jamak secara sintaksis berdistribusi dan mempunyai equivalen dengan sebuah kata bermorfem tunggal ”. For example, the word farmer is derived from verb “farm” and added with morpheme “–er” becomes farmer noun and word “girlish” is an adjective which is derived from noun, “girl” and added with morpheme “-ish”.

2.3.6. Inflectional

Parera 1994:22 states that “infleksi adalah sebuah proses morfologis yang menimbulkan satu perubahan bentuk kata bermorfem jamak dan beentuk-bentuk ini secara sintaksis tidak mempunyai ekuivalen dalam distribusi sintaksis dengan sebuah kata bermorfem tunggal ”. Generally this process only reveals syntax and it is not 15 brought to the replacement from the word-class to other word-class. The distribution of inflectional process is wider than derivational process. The form of inflectional is usually divided into some grammatical categories such as gender manmale and womanfemale time, active and passive forms, and other category that have possibility with the characteristic of certain languages. In English, the following examples will be explained. Base Form Inflectional Word-Class Category Boy Boys Noun Plural Instrumentalist Instrumentalists Noun Plural Pretty Prettier Adjective Comparison Degree Prettiest Good Better Adjective Comparison Degree Best Stop Stopped Verb Time Give Gave Verb Time Table 2.2: inflectional forms

2.4. Loanwords