Data Analysis Method Finding

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3.3. Data Collecting Procedure

Azwar 2004:36 states that “data penelitian dikumpulkan baik lewat instrumen pengumpulan data, observasi, maupun lewat data dokumentasi ”. Based on the theory viewed above, the procedure that is used to collect the data is documentation. Documentation is the procedure used to search the data from the written text such as s transcript, books, newspapers, magazines, agendas, etc. The data are taken from Kompas daily newspaper.

3.4. Data Analysis Method

After collecting the data, the analysis then moves to the analysis of data. In analyzing the data, the descriptive method is applied. Azwar 2004:126 stated that “analisis deskriptif bertujuan untuk memberikan deskripsi mengenai subyek penelitian berdasarkan data dari variabel yang diperoleh dari kelompok subyek yang diteliti dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk pengujian hipotesis. ” Based on the theory, the analysis will follow particular procedures which are stated below: 1. Classification Classification is the phase used to categorize or divide the data. This phase is firstly to classify and arrange the data to which they belong to. In this phase, the data should be categorized based on the column such as, economics, educations and cultures, internationals, politics and laws, and sports. 2. Identification Identification is used to determine the data that have been taken from the source contain the problem of the analysis. The data that will be 20 identified in this analysis regarding the loanwords that are taken from Kompas selected columns. 3. Finding Finding is the phase of looking for the loanwords from the data that have been taken. In this phase the data are segmented into words. The amount of loanwords that obtained from the data are 900 loanwords. Then from 900 loanwords, the data are reduced until 215 loanwords. The data is choosen based on the most used and appeared words in Bahasa Indonesia. 4. Analysis The data that have been categorized into words are analyzed. In this phase, the types of loanwords contain in the data will be categorized based on theory of Wardaugh cited in Hanafiah and the morphemic processes occurs in the loanwords will be analyzed by using theory of Parera. 21 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1. Analysis

In the chapters before, theories of loanwords have been explained specifically. Based on the theory, this thesis is not discussing about the loanwords, however this thesis discusses the loanwords based on the morphology aspect especially the morphemic process of loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia. In this chapter, the data that have been gained from the source are analyzed based on the morphemic process that occurs in the data. This chapter also answers the problem that need to be solved. Before explaining this thesis further, the writer calls up again about loanwords and morphemic process. As we know, loanwords are words that used to replace other words when there are no proper words. Loanwords also used as the borrowing words which can be naturalized into the language. The types of loanwords are divided into two types such as, spontaneous loanwords and incorporated loanwords. All types of those loanwords are represented by the words which are found in data. Based on the data which are obtained from Kompas selected columns in April 23 rd up to April 30 th 2015, there are two types of loanwords which are categorized into spontaneous loanwords and incorporated loanwords.

4.1.1. Spontaneous Loanwords

Spontaneous loanwords are foreign words that receive no adaptation at all or they may receive it but the adaptation is not apparently noticeable in the base language. The spontaneous loanwords that obtain from the data can be seen in this following table. 22 No English Loanword Bahasa Indonesia Adapted Version 1 Area Area 2 Atom Atom 3 Audio Audio 4 Audit Audit 5 Bank Bank 6 Bar Bar 7 Bilateral Bilateral 8 Bomber Bomber 9 Bus Bus 10 Debit Debit 11 Detail Detail 12 Digital Digital 13 Domain Domain 14 Duel Duel 15 Duet Duet 16 Elite Elite 17 Era Era 18 Film Film 19 Final Final 20 Format Format 21 Formula Formula 22 Genre Genre 23 23 Global Global 24 Hotel Hotel 25 Internal Internal 26 Item Item 27 Level Level 28 Maestro Maestro 29 Magnet Magnet 30 Material Material 31 Media Media 32 Model Model 33 Modern Modern 34 Moral Moral 35 Multilateral Multilateral 36 Navigator Navigator 37 Normal Normal 38 Novel Novel 39 Operator Operator 40 Optimal Optimal 41 Partner Partner 42 Patriot Patriot 43 Poster Poster 44 Program Program 45 Proposal Proposal 46 Pub Pub 24 47 Regional Regional 48 Rival Rival 49 Semifinal Semifinal 50 Seminar Seminar 51 Status Status 52 Super Super 53 Target Target 54 Telegram Telegram 55 Terminal Terminal 56 Top Top 57 Total Total 58 Tripod Tripod 59 Unit Unit 60 Veteran Veteran 61 Video Video 62 Virus Virus 63 Visa Visa 64 Visual Visual 65 Volume Volume Table 4.1: Spontaneous loanwords

4.1.2. Incorporated Loanwords

Incorporated loanwords are words that are borrowed and received affixes, sound, or spelling adjustment in the base language. The incorporated loanwords that obtain from the data can be seen in the following table. 25 No English Loanwords Bahasa Indonesia Adapted Version 1 Politic Berpolitik 2 Create Berkreasi 3 Potency Berpotensi 4 Orientate Berorientasi 5 Music Bermusik 6 Carrier Berkarir 7 Quality Berkualitas 8 Operate Beroperasi 9 Status Berstatus 10 Duel Berduel 11 Motive Bermotif 12 Evolution Berevolusi 13 Communicate Berkomunikasi 14 Action Beraksi 15 Subsidy Bersubsidi 16 Initiative Berinisiatif 17 Comment Berkomentar 18 Access Mengakses 19 Express Mengekspresikan 20 Process Memproses 21 Audit Mengaudit 22 Detect Mendeteksi 26 23 Optimal Mengoptimalkan 24 Describe Mendeskripsikan 25 Appreciate Mengapresiasi 26 Inspire Menginspirasi 27 Import Mengimpor 28 Protest Memprotes 29 Recruit Merekrut 30 Target Menargetkan 31 Respond Merespon 32 Neutralize Menetralkan 33 Predict Memprediksi 34 Analyze Menganalisis 35 Adapt Mengadaptasi 36 Claim Mengklaim 37 Adopt Mengadopsi 38 Clarify Mengklarifikasi 39 Transfer Mentransfer 40 Comment Mengomentari 41 Criticize Mengkritik 42 Sponsor Mensponsori 43 Revise Merevisi 44 Manipulate Memanipulasi 45 Maximize Memaksimalkan 46 Export Mengekspor 27 47 Activate Mengaktifkan 48 Control Mengontrol 49 Monitor Memonitor 50 Evacuate Mengevakuasi 51 Discuss Berdiskusi 52 Adapt Beradaptasi 53 Modal Bermodalkan 54 Anticipate Mengantisispasi 55 Mutate Memutasi 56 Operate Mengoperasikan 57 Promote Mempromosikan 58 Inform Menginformasikan 59 Instruct Menginstruksikan 60 Invest Menginvestasikan 61 Academic Akademik 62 Access Akses 63 Actor Aktor 64 Alphabet Alfabet 65 Analysis Analisis 66 Artist Artis 67 Aspect Aspek 68 Biography Biografi 69 Business Bisnis 70 Body Bodi 28 71 Box Boks 72 Bomb Bom 73 Brochure Brosur 74 Check Cek 75 Deficit Defisit 76 Decade Dekade 77 Department Departemen 78 Dialogue Dialog 79 Design Desain 80 Discount Diskon 81 Document Dokumen 82 Draft Draf 83 Dramatic Dramatis 84 Effect Efek 85 Efficient Efisien 86 Element Elemen 87 Economy Ekonomi 88 Execution Eksekusi 89 External Eksternal 90 Extreme Ekstrem 91 Energy Energi 92 Essay Esai 93 Fact Fakta 94 Phase Fase 29 95 Facilitator Fasilitator 96 Focus Fokus 97 Photo Foto 98 Helicopter Helikopter 99 Icon Ikon 100 Illegal Ilegal 101 Index Indeks 102 Indicator Indikator 103 Industry Industri 104 International Internasional 105 Jacket Jaket 106 Jeep Jip 107 Journal Jurnal 108 Cabin Kabin 109 Camera Kamera 110 Camp Kamp 111 Category Kategori 112 Code Kode 113 Colony Koloni 114 Corps Korps 115 Cream Krim 116 Crucial Krusial 117 License Lisensi 118 Maximal Maksimal 30 119 Marathon Maraton 120 Microphone Mikrofon 121 National Nasional 122 Neutral Netral 123 Object Objek 124 Operation Operasi 125 Pamphlet Pamflet 126 Potential Potensial 127 Producer Produser 128 Protocol Protokol 129 Ratio Rasio 130 Rhetoric Retorika 131 Certificate Sertifikat 132 Symbol Simbol 133 System Sistem 134 Scenario Skenario 135 Special Spesial 136 Station Stasiun 137 Study Studi 138 Survey Survei 139 Team Tim 140 Traditional Tradisional 141 Tragedy Tragedi 142 Urgent Urgen 31 143 Vacuum Vakum 144 Villa Vila 145 Vocal Vokal 146 Professional Profesional 147 Systematic Sistematis 148 Artistic Artistik 149 Objective Objektif 150 Operational Operasional Table 4.2: Incorporated loanwords After categorizing the loanwords into two types of loanwords, then the change of word formation from English loanwords into Bahasa Indonesia will be analyzed through morphemic analysis. Morphemic analysis is the analysis that explains the word formation whether it is derivational or inflectional. The analysis functions as the complement of lexical meaning which is possessed by a base form. The analysis will deals with affixation, reduplication, conversion, internal change, derivational, and inflectional. The analyses discuss the word formation of the English loanwords used in Bahasa Indonesia.

4.1.3. Analysis of Affixation Process

In its writing system, Bahasa Indonesia that borrows other words may get some addition such as affixation. This addition always occurs in Bahasa Indonesia and foreign language especially in English. This addition can be in front of word, in the middle or even in the back of word. How word formation of loanwords used in Bahasa Indonesia will be analyzed further in this thesis. 32 Based on the data that have been classified, 50 English words that get affixation adjustment when they are used in Bahasa Indonesia are analyzed below. No English Loanword Bahasa Indonesia Affixation Adjustment 1. Politic n Berpolitik v 2. Creation n Berkreasi v 3. Potency n Berpotensi v 4. Orientate v Berorientasi v 5. Music n Bermusik v 6. Carrier n Berkarir v 7. Quality n Berkualitas v 8. Operate v Beroperasi v 9. Status n Berstatus v 10. Duel n Berduel v 11. Motive n Bermotif v 12. Evolution n Berevolusi v 13. Communicate v Berkomunikasi v 14. Action n Beraksi v 15. Subsidy n Bersubsidi v 16. Initiative n Berinisiatif v 17. Comment n Berkomentar v 18. Access n Mengakses v 19. Express v Mengekspresikan v 20. Process n Memproses v 33 21. Audit n Mengaudit v 22. Detect v Mendeteksi v 23. Optimal n Mengoptimalkan v 24. Describe v Mendeskripsikan v 25. Appreciate v Mengapresiasi v 26. Inspire v Menginspirasi v 27. Import n Mengimpor v 28. Protest n Memprotes v 29. Recruit v Merekrut v 30. Target v Menargetkan v 31. Respond v Merespon v 32. Neutralize v Menetralkan v 33. Predict v Memprediksi v 34. Analyze v Menganalisis v 35. Adapt v Mengadaptasi v 36. Claim v Mengklaim v 37. Adopt v Mengadopsi v 38. Clarify v Mengklarifikasi v 39. Transfer v Mentransfer v 40. Comment n Mengomentari v 41. Criticize v Mengkritik v 42. Sponsor n Mensponsori v 43. Revise v Merevisi v 44. Manipulate v Memanipulasi v 34 45. Maximize v Memaksimalkan v 46. Export n Mengekspor v 47. Activate v Mengaktifkan v 48. Control n Mengontrol v 49. Monitor v Memonitor v 50. Evacuate v Mengevakuasi v Table 4.3: Bahasa Indonesia Affixation Adjustment of loanwords 1. Berpolitik The word “berpolitik” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “politik”. The noun base form “politik” is borrowed from English noun word “politics”. The word “ber + politik” here is a verb. 2. Berkresi The word “berkreasi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “kreasi”. The noun base form “kreasi” is borrowed from English noun word “creation”. The word “ber + kreasi” here is a verb. 3. Berpotensi The word “berpotensi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “potensi”. The noun base form “potensi” is borrowed from English noun word “potency”. The word “ber + potensi” here is a verb. 4. Berorientasi The word “berorientasi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “orientasi”. The noun base form “orientasi” is borrowed from English verb word “orientate”. The word “ber + orientasi” here is a verb. 35 5. Bermusik The word “bermusik” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “musik”. The noun base form “music” is borrowed from English noun word “music”. The word “ber + musik” here is a verb. 6. Berkarir The word “berkarir” formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “karir”. The noun base form “karir” is borrowed from English noun word “carrier”. The word “ber + karir” here is a verb. 7. Berkualitas The word “berkualitas” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “kualitas”. The noun base form “kualitas” is borrowed from English noun word “quality”. The word “ber + kualitas” here is a verb. 8. Beroperasi The word “beroperasi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “operasi”. The noun base form “operasi” is borrowed from English verb word “operate”. The word “ber + operasi” here is a verb. 9. Berstatus The word “berstatus” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “status”. The noun base form “status” is borrowed from English noun word “status”. The word “ber + status” here is verb. 10. Berduel The word “berduel” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “duel”. The noun base form “duel” is borrowed from English noun word “duel”. The word “ber + duel” here is a verb. 36 11. Bermotif The word “bermotif” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “motif”. The noun base form “motif” is borrowed from English noun word “motive”. The word “ber + motif” here is a verb. 12. Berevolusi The word “berevolusi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “evolusi”. The noun base form “evolusi” is borrowed from English noun word “evolution”. The word “ber + evolusi” here is a verb. 13. Berkomunikasi The word “berkomunikasi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “komunikasi”. The noun base form “komunikasi” is borrowed from English verb word “communicate”. The word “ber + komunikasi” here is a verb. 14. Beraksi The word “beraksi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “aksi”. The noun base form “aksi” is borrowed from English noun word “action”. The word “ber + aksi” here is a verb. 15. Bersubsidi The word “bersubsidi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “subsidi”. The noun base form “subsidi” is borrowed from English noun word “subsidy”. The word “ber + subsidi” here is a verb. 16. Berinisiatif The word “berinisiatif” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “inisiatif”. The word “inisiatif” is borrowed from English noun word “initiative”. The word “ber + inisiatif” here is a verb. 37 17. Berkomentar The word “berkomentar” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun form “komentar”. The noun form “komentar” is borrowed from English noun word “comment”. The word “ber + komentar” here is a verb. 18. Mengakses The word “mengakses” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme a becoming “meng-” + noun base form “akses”. The noun base form “akses” is borrowed from English noun word “access”. The word “meng + akses” here is a verb. 19. Mengekspresikan The word “mengekspresikan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme e becoming “meng-” + noun base form “ekspresi” + a suffix “-kan”. The word “mengekspresikan” is borrowed from English verb word “express”. The word “meng + ekspresi + kan” here is a verb. 20. Memproses The word “memproses” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme p becoming “mem-” + noun base form “proses”. The noun base form “proses” is borrowed from English noun word “process”. The word “mem + proses” here is a verb. 21. Mengaudit The word “mengaudit” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme a becoming “mem-” + noun base form “audit”. The noun base form “audit” is borrowed from English noun word “audit”. The word “meng + audit” here is a verb. 38 22. Mendeteksi The word “mendeteksi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme d becoming “men-” + noun base form “deteksi”. The word “mendeteksi” is borrowed from English verb word “detect”. The word “men + deteksi” here is a verb. 23. Mengoptimalkan The word “mengoptimalkan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme o becoming “meng-” + noun base form “optimal” + suffix “-kan”. The word “mengoptimalkan” is borrowed from English noun word “optimal”. The word “meng + optimal + kan” here is a verb. 24. Mendeskripsikan The word “mendeskripsikan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme d becoming “men-” + noun base form “deskripsi” + suffix “-kan”. The word “mendeskripsikan” is borrowed from English verb word “describe”. The word “men + deskripsi + kan” here is a verb. 25. Mengapresiasi The word “mengapresiasi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme a becoming “meng-” + noun base form “apresiasi”. The word “mengapresiasi” is borrowed from English verb word “appreciate”. The word “meng + apresiasi” here is a verb. 26. Menginspirasi The word “menginspirasi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme i becoming “meng-” + noun base form 39 “inspirasi”. The word “menginspirasi” is borrowed from English verb word “inspire”. The word “meng + inspirasi” here is a verb. 27. Mengimpor The word “mengimpor” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme i becoming “meng-” + noun base form “impor”. The noun base form “impor” is borrowed from English noun word “import”. The word “meng + impor” here is a verb. 28. Memprotes The word “memprotes” is formed by adding prefix “mem-” + noun base form “protes”. The word “memprotes” is borrowed from English noun word “protest”. The word “mem + protes” here is a verb. 29. Merekrut The word “merekrut” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “rekrut”. The word “merekrut” is borrowed from English verb word “recruit”. The word “me + rekrut” here is a verb. 30. Menargetkan The word “menargetkan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme t becoming “men-” + noun base form “target” + suffix “-kan”. The noun base form “target” is borrowed from English verb word “target”. The word “me + nargetkan” here is a verb. 31. Merespon The word “merespon” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “respon”. The word “merespon” is borrowed from English verb word “respond”. The word “me + respon” here is a verb. 40 32. Menetralkan The word “menetralkan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “netral” + suffix “-kan”. The word “menetralkan” is borrowed from English verb word “neutralize”. The word “me + netral + kan” here is a verb. 33. Memprediksi The word “memprediksi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme p becoming “mem-” + noun base form “prediksi”. The word “memprediksi” is borrowed from English verb word “predict”. The word “mem + prediksi” here is a verb. 34. Menganalisis The word “menganalisis” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme a becoming “meng-” + noun base form “analisis”. The word “menganalisis” is borrowed from English verb word “analyze”. The word “meng + analisis” here is a verb. 35. Mengadaptasi The word “mengadaptasi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme a becoming “meng-” + noun base form “adaptasi”. The word “mengadaptasi” is borrowed from English word “adapt”. The word “meng + adaptasi” here is a verb. 36. Mengklaim The word “mengklaim” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme k becoming “meng-” + noun base form “klaim”. The noun base form “klaim” is borrowed from English verb word “claim”. The word “meng + klaim” here is a verb. 41 37. Mengadopsi The word “mengadopsi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme a becoming “meng-” + noun base form “adopsi”. The word “mengadopsi” is borrowed from English verb word “adopt”. The word “meng + adopsi” here is a verb. 38. Mengklarifikasi The word “mengklarifikasi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme k becoming “meng-” + noun base form “klarifikasi”. The word “mengklarifikasi” is borrowed from English verb word “clarify”. The word “meng + klarifikasi” here is a verb. 39. Mentransfer The word “mentransfer” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme t becoming “men-” + noun base form “transfer”. The word “mentransfer” is borrowed from English verb word “transfer”. The word “men + transfer” here is a verb. 40. Mengomentari The word “mengomentari” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme k becoming “meng-” + noun form “komentar” + suffix “i”. The noun form “komentar” is borrowed from English noun word “comment”. The word “me + ngomentar + i” here is a verb. 41. Mengkritik The word “mengkritik” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme k becoming “meng-” + noun base form “kritik”. The word “mengkritik” is borrowed from English verb word “criticize”. The word “meng + kritik” here is a verb. 42 42. Mensponsori The word “mensponsori” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme s becoming “men-” + noun base form “sponsor” + suffix “i”. The noun base form “sponsor” is borrowed from English noun word “sponsor”. The word “men +sponsor + i” here is a verb. 43. Merevisi The word “merevisi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “revisi”. The word “merevisi” is borrowed from English verb word “revise”. The word “me + revisi” here is a verb. 44. Memanipulasi The word “memanipulasi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “manipulasi”. The word “memanipulasi” is borrowed from English verb word “manipulate”. The word “me + manipulasi” here is a verb. 45. Memaksimalkan The word “memaksimalkan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “maksimal” + suffix “-kan”. The word “memaksimalkan” is borrowed from English verb word “maximize”. The word “me + maksimal + kan” here is a verb. 46. Mengekspor The word “mengekspor” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme e becoming “meng-” + noun base form “ekspor”. The noun base form “ekspor” is borrowed from English noun word “export”. The word “meng + ekspor” here is a verb. 43 47. Mengaktifkan The word “mengaktifkan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme a becoming “meng-” + noun base form “aktif” + suffix “-kan”. The word “mengaktifkan” is borrowed from English verb word “activate”. The word “meng + aktif + kan” here is a verb. 48. Mengontrol The word “mengontrol” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme k becoming “meng-” + noun base form “kontrol”. The noun base form “kontrol” is borrowed from English noun word “control”. The word “me + ngontrol” here is a verb. 49. Memonitor The word “memonitor” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “monitor”. The noun base form “monitor” is borrowed from English verb word “monitor”. The word “me + monitor” here is a verb. 50. Mengevakuasi The word “mengevakuasi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme e changing into “meng-” + noun base form “evakuasi”. The word “mengevakuasi” is taken from English word “evacuate”. The word “meng + evakuasi” here is a verb.

4.1.4. Analysis of Internal Change Process

Besides affixation, the analysis also can be gone through other analysis such as internal change. The words which are taken from English words get some changes in their internal structure. This change can modify the unsure of the phoneme of the word such as consonant, vocal, or even in their segmental characteristic sound, 44 intonation, duration, etc. This change also makes foreign language or in this case English more acceptable in Bahasa Indonesia and it is based on the official Indonesian spelling system. Based on the data that have been classified, 85 English words that get internal change process when they are used in Bahasa Indonesia are analyzed below. No. English Loanwords Bahasa Indonesia Internal Change Version 1 Academic adj Akademik adj 2 Access n Akses n 3 Actor n Aktor n 4 Alphabet n Alfabet n 5 Analysis n Analisis n 6 Artist n Artis n 7 Aspect n Aspek n 8 Biography n Biografi n 9 Business n Bisnis n 10 Body n Bodi n 11 Box n Boks n 12 Bomb n Bom n 13 Brochure n Brosur n 14 Check n Cek n 15 Deficit n Defisit v 16 Decade n Dekade n 17 Department n Departemen n 45 18 Dialogue n Dialog n 19 Design n Desain n 20 Discount n Diskon n 21 Document n Dokumen n 22 Draft n Draf n 23 Dramatic adj Dramatis adj 24 Effect n Efek n 25 Efficient adj Efisien adj 26 Element n Elemen n 27 Economy n Ekonomi n 28 Execution n Eksekusi n 29 External adj Eksternal adj 30 Extreme n Ekstrem n 31 Energy n Energi n 32 Essay n Esai n 33 Fact n Fakta n 34 Phase n Fase n 35 Facilitator n Fasilitator n 36 Focus n Fokus n 37 Photo n Foto n 38 Helicopter n Helikopter n 39 Icon n Ikon n 40 Illegal adj Ilegal adj 41 Index n Indeks n 46 42 Indicator n Indikator n 43 Industry n Industri n 44 International adj Internasional adj 45 Jacket n Jaket n 46 Jeep n Jip n 47 Journal n Jurnal n 48 Cabin n Kabin n 49 Camera n Kamera n 50 Camp n Kamp n 51 Category n Kategori n 52 Code n Kode n 53 Colony n Koloni n 54 Corps n Korps n 55 Cream n Krim n 56 Crucial adj Krusial adj 57 License n Lisensi n 58 Maximal adj Maksimal n 59 Marathon n Maraton n 60 Microphone n Mikrofon n 61 National adj Nasional adj 62 Neutral adj Netral n 63 Object n Objek n 64 Operation n Operasi n 65 Pamphlet n Pamflet n 47 66 Potential adj Potensial adj 67 Producer n Produser n 68 Protocol n Protokol n 69 Ratio n Rasio n 70 Rhetoric n Retorika n 71 Certificate n Sertifikat n 72 Symbol n Simbol n 73 System n Sistem n 74 Scenario n Skenario n 75 Special adj Spesial n 76 Station n Stasiun n 77 Study n Studi n 78 Survey n Survei n 79 Team n Tim n 80 Traditional adj Tradisional adj 81 Tragedy n Tragedi n 82 Urgent n Urgen n 83 Vacuum adj Vakum adj 84 Villa n Vila n 85 Vocal adj Vokal adj Table 4.4: internal changes’ list 1. Akademik The word “akademik” is an adjective which is borrowed from English adjective word “academic”. The word “academic” becomes “akademik” 48 because phoneme c changes into k if c places in front of a, u, o, and consonant. 2. Akses The word “akses” is a noun which is borrowed from English noun word “access”. The word “access” becomes “akses” because cc is placed in front of e and i so that cc changes into ks in Bahasa Indonesia. 3. Aktor The word “actor” is a noun which is borrowed from English noun word “actor”. The word “actor” becomes “aktor” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because c is placed in front of consonant t so that c changes into k in Bahasa Indonesia. 4. Alfabet The word “alfabet” is a noun which is borrowed from English noun word “alphabet”. The word “alphabet” becomes “alfabet” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because phoneme ph is pronounced f in Bahasa Indonesia. 5. Analisis The word “analisis” is a noun which is borrowed from English noun word “analysis”. The word “analysis” becomes “analisis” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because y is pronounced i in Bahasa Indonesia. 6. Artis The word “artis” is a noun which is borrowed from English noun word “artist”. The word “artist” becomes “artis” when it is used in Bahasa 49 Indonesia because the changing of phoneme : into r in the word “artist” ˈ :tist and “artis” artis. 7. Aspek The word “aspek” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “aspect”. The word “aspect” becomes “aspek” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the changing of æ into a and e into é in the word “aspect” æspekt and “aspek”aspék. 8. Biografi The word “biografi” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “biography”. The word “biography” becomes “biografi” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the changing of ph with f and y with i in the word. 9. Bisnis The word “bisnis” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “business”. The word “business” becomes “bisnis” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of z into s and ə into i between the word “business” ˈbɪznəs and “bisnis” bisnis. 10. Bodi The word “bodi” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “body”. The word “body” becomes “bodi” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of y into i in the word. 11. Boks The word “boks” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “box”. The word “box” becomes “boks” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of x into ks in its writing system. 50 12. Bom The word “bom” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “bomb”. The word “bomb”b m becomes “bom”bom when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme into o in the word. 13. Brosur The word “brosur” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “brochure”. The word “brochure” becomes “brosur” when used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of pronunciation ch into s. 14. Cek The word “cek” is a verb which is derived from English noun word “check”. The word “check” tʃek becomes “cek” cék when used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme t ʃ into c and e into é in the word. 15. Defisit The word “defisit” is a verb which is derived from English noun word “deficit”. The word “deficit” ˈdefɪʃɪt becomes “defisit” defisit when used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme ʃ into s. 16. Dekade The word “dekade” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “decade”. The word “decade” ˈdekeɪd becomes “dekade” dékade when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme e ɪ into a and phoneme e into é. c changes into k because it placed in front of a. 51 17. Departemen The word “departemen” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “department”. The word “department” dɪˈpa:tmənt becomes “departemen” departemén when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme ɪ into e,phoneme : into r ,and phoneme ə into é. 18. Dialog The word “dialog” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “dialogue”. The word “dialogue” ˈdaɪəlog becomes “dialog” dialog because the change of phoneme a ɪ into i and phoneme ə into a in the word. 19. Desain The word “desain” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “design”. The word “design” dɪˈzaɪn becomes “desain” désain when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme ɪ into é and phoneme z into s in the word. 20. Diskon The word “diskon” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “discount”. The word “discount” ˈdɪskaʊnt becomes “diskon” diskon when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme c into k and phoneme a ʊ into o in the word. 21. Dokumen The word “dokumen” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “document”. The word “document” ˈd kjumənt becomes 52 “dokumen” dokumén when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme into o and phoneme c into k in the word. 22. Draf The word “draf” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “draft”. The word “draft” dr :ft becomes “draf” draf when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme into a in that word. 23. Dramatis The word “dramatis” is an adjective which is derived from English adjective word “dramatic”. The word “dramatic” drəˈmætɪk becomes “dramatis” dramatis when it is used in Bahasa Indoensia because the change of phoneme ə into a, phoneme æ into a, and phoneme k into s in the word. 24. Efek The word “efek” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “effect”. The word “effect” ɪˈfekt becomes “efek” éfék when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme ɪ into é and phoneme e into é in the word. 25. Efisien The word “efisisen” is an adjective which is derived from English adjective word “efficient”. The word “efficient” ɪˈfɪʃnt becomes “efisien” éfisién when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme ɪ into é, phoneme ʃ into s, phoneme e into é in that word. 53 26. Elemen The word “elemen” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “element”. The word “element” ˈelɪmənt becomes “elemen” élemén when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme e into é, phoneme ɪ into e, phoneme ə into é in the word. 27. Ekonomi The word “ekonomi” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “economy”. The word “economy” ɪˈk nəmi becomes “ekonomi” ékonomi when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme c into k if placed on front of o and y into i in the word. 28. Eksekusi The word “eksekusi” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “execution”. The word “execution” becomes “eksekusi” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme x into ks and tion into si in that word. 29. Eksternal The word “eksternal” is an adjective which is derived from English adjective word “external”. The word “external” ɪkˈstз:nl becomes “eksternal” éksternal when it used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme ɪ into é, phoneme x into ks and phoneme з into e in that word. 30. Ekstrem The word “ekstrem” is an adjective which is derived from English noun word “extreme”. The word “extreme” becomes “ekstrem” when it is 54 used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme x into ks in the word. 31. Energi The word “energi” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “energy”. The word “energy” becomes “energi” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme y into i in the word. 32. Esai The word “esai” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “essay”. The word “essay” becomes “esai” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of y into i. 33. Fakta The word “fakta” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “fact”. The word “fact” becomes “fakta” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k in this case c is placed in front of consonant t in that word. 34. Fase The word “fase” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “phase”. The word “phase” becomes “fase” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of ph into f in that word. 35. Fasilitator The word “fasilitator” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “facilitator”. The word “facilitator” becomes “fasilitator” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into s if c is placed in front of e, i, oe and y in that word. 55 36. Fokus The word “fokus” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “focus”. The word “focus” becomes “fokus” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k if c is placed in front of a, u, o, and consonant in that word. 37. Foto The word “foto” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “photo”. The word “photo” becomes “foto” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of sound ph into f in that word. 38. Helikopter The word “helikopter” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “helicopter”. The word “helicopter” becomes “helikopter” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k if c is placed in front of a, u, o, and consonant in that word. 39. Ikon The word “ikon” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “icon”. The word “icon” becomes “ikon” when it is used in ɒahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k if c is placed in front of a, u, o, and consonant in that word. 40. Ilegal The word “ilegal” is an adjective which is derived from English adjective word “illegal”. The word “illegal” ɪˈli:gl becomes “ilegal” illegal when it used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of ɪ into i and i into e in that word. 56 41. Indeks The word “indeks” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “index”. The word “index” becomes “indeks” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of x into ks in that word. 42. Indikator The word “indikator” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “indicator”. The word “indicator” becomes “indikator” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k if c is placed in front of a, u, o, and consonant in that word. 43. Industri The word “industri” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “Industry”. The word “industry” becomes “industri” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of y into i in that word. 44. Internasional The word “internasional” is an adjective which is derived from English adjective word “international”. The word “international” becomes “internasional” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of t into s in this case t is placed in front of i and its pronunciation become s in that word. 45. Jaket The word “jaket” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “jacket”. The word “jacket” becomes “jaket” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k in this case c is placed in front of consonant k in that word. 57 46. Jip The word “jip” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “jeep”. The word “jeep” becomes “jip” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of ee into i in that word. 47. Jurnal The word “jurnal” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “journal”. The word “journal” becomes “jurnal” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of ou into u if it is pronounced as u in that word. 48. Kabin The word “kabin” is a noun word which is derived from English noun word “cabin”. The word “cabin” becomes “kabin” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because change of c into k in this case c is placed in front of a in that word. 49. Kamera The word “kamera” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “camera”. The word “camera” becomes “kamera” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k in this case c is placed in front of a in that word. 50. Kamp The word “kamp” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “camp”. The word “camp” becomes “kamp” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k in this case c is placed in front of a in that word. 58 51. Kategori The word “kategori” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “category”. The word “category” becomes “kategori” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme c into k in this case c is placed in front of a and the change of y into i in that word. 52. Kode The word “kode” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “code”. The word “code” becomes “kode” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme c into k in this case c is placed in front of o in that word. 53. Koloni The word “koloni” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “colony”. The word “colony” becomes “koloni” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of phoneme c into k in this case c is placed in front of o and the change of y into i in that word. 54. Korps The word “korps” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “corps”. The word “corps” becomes “korps” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k in this case c is placed in front of o in that word. 55. Krim The word “krim” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “cream”. The word “cream” becomes “krim” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k in this case c is placed in front of consonant r and the change of ea into i in that word. 59 56. Krusial The word “krusial” is an adjective which is derived from English adjective word “crucial”. The word “crucial” becomes “krusial” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k in this case c is placed in front of consonant r and the change of c into s in this case c is placed in front of i in that word. 57. Lisensi The word “lisensi” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “license”. The word “license” becomes “lisensi” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into s in this case c is placed in front of e and the change of e into i in that word. 58. Maksimal The word “maksimal” is an adjective which is derived from English adjective word “maximal”. The word “maximal” becomes “maksimal” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of x into ks in that word. 59. Maraton The word “maraton” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “marathon”. The word “marathon” becomes “maraton” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of th into t in that word. 60. Mikrofon The word “mikrofon” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “microphone”. The word “microphone” becomes “mikrofon” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k in this 60 case c is placed in front of consonant r and the change of ph into f in that word. 61. Nasional The word “nasional” is an adjective which is derived from English adjectiv e word “national”. The word “national” becomes “nasional” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of t into s in this case t is placed in front of i and its pronounced s in that word. 62. Netral The word “netral” is an adjective which is derived from English adjective word “neutral”. The word “neutral” becomes “netral” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of eu into e in that word. 63. Objek The word “objek” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “object”. The word “object” becomes “objek” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k in this case c is placed in fron of consonant t in that word. 64. Operasi The word “operasi” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “operation”. The word “operation” becomes “operasi” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of tion into si in that word. 65. Pamflet The word “pamflet” is a noun which is derived from English noun “pamphlet”. The word “pamphlet” becomes “pamflet” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of ph into f in that word. 61 66. Potensial The word “potensial” is an adjective which is derived from English adjective word “potential”. The word “potential” becomes “potensial” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of t into s in this case t is placed in front of i and its pronounced s in that word. 67. Produser The word “produser” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “producer”. The word “producer” becomes “produser” because the change of c into s in this case c is placed in front of i in that word. 68. Protokol The word “protokol” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “protocol”. The word “protocol” becomes “protokol” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k in this case c is placed in front of o in that word. 69. Rasio The word “rasio” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “ratio”. The word “ratio” becomes “rasio” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of t into s in this case t is placed in front of i and its pronounced s in that word. 70. Retorika The word “retorika” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “rhetoric”. The word “rhetoric” becomes “retorika” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of rh into r and c into k in that word. 62 71. Sertifikat The word “sertifikat” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “certificate”. The word “certificate” becomes “sertifikat” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into s in this case c is placed in front of e and c into k in this case c is placed in front of a in that word. 72. Simbol The word “simbol” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “symbol”. The word “symbol” becomes “simbol” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of y into i in that word. 73. Sistem The word “sistem” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “system”. The word “sytem” becomes “sistem” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of y into i in that word. 74. Skenario The word “skenario” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “scenario”. The word “scenario” becomes “skenario” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k in this case c is placed in front of e in that word. 75. Spesial The word “spesial” is an adjective which is derived from English noun word “special”. The word “special” becomes “spesial” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into s in this case c is placed in front of i in that word. 63 76. Stasiun The word “stasiun” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “station”. The word “station” becomes “stasiun” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of t into s in this case t is placed in front of i and its pronounced s in that word. 77. Studi The word “studi” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “study”. The word “study” becomes “studi” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of y into i in that word. 78. Survei The word “survei” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “survey”. The word “survey” becomes “survei” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of y into i in that word. 79. Tim The word “tim” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “team”. The word “team” becomes “tim” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of ea into i in that word. 80. Tradisional The word “tradisional” is an adjective which is derived from English adjective word “traditional”. The word “traditional” becomes “tradisional” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of t into s in this case t is placed in front of i and its pronounced s in that word. 64 81. Tragedi The word “tragedi” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “tragedy”. The word “tragedy” becomes “tragedi” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of y into i in that word. 82. Urgen The word “urgen” is an adjective which is derived from English adjective word “urgent”. The word “urgent” becomes “urgen” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because this word is commonly pronounced in Bahasa Indonesia and the change is only looked from reducing t in that word. 83. Vakum The word “vakum” is an adjective which is derived from English adjective word “vacuum”. The word “vacuum” becomes “vakum” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of uu into u and c into k in this case c is placed in front of u in that word. 84. Vila The word “vila” is a noun which is derived from English noun word “villa”. The word “villa” ˈvɪlə becomes “vila” vila when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of ə into a in that word. 85. Vokal The word “vokal” is an adjective which is derived from English adjective word “vocal”. The word “vocal” becomes “vokal” when it is used in Bahasa Indonesia because the change of c into k in this case c is placed in front of a in that word. 65

4.1.5. Analysis of Conversion Process

The other process that usually occurs in borrowing English words into Bahasa Indonesia is conversion or zero derivation. It is said conversion or zero derivation because there no segmental changing occurs in the process of borrowing English words into Bahasa Indonesia except the concept of its pronunciation. Based on this process, English words is more acceptable in using it in Bahasa Indonesia. Based on the data that have been classified, 65 English words that get conversion or zero derivational process when they are used in Bahasa Indonesia are: No English Loanword Bahasa Indonesia Conversion Adjustment 1 Area n Area n 2 Atom n Atom n 3 Audio n Audio n 4 Audit n Audit n 5 Bank n Bank n 6 Bar n Bar n 7 Bilateral n Bilateral n 8 Bomber n Bomber n 9 Bus n Bus n 10 Debit n Debit n 11 Detail n Detail n 12 Digital adj Digital adj 13 Domain n Domain n 14 Duel n Duel n 66 15 Duet n Duet n 16 Elite n Elite n 17 Era n Era n 18 Film n Film n 19 Final n Final n 20 Format n Format n 21 Formula n Formula n 22 Genre n Genre n 23 Global adj Global adj 24 Hotel n Hotel n 25 Internal adj Internal adj 26 Item adj Item n 27 Level n Level n 28 Maestro n Maestro n 29 Magnet n Magnet n 30 Material n Material n 31 Media n Media n 32 Model n Model n 33 Modern adj Modern adj 34 Moral n Moral n 35 Multilateral adj Multilateral adj 36 Navigator n Navigator n 37 Normal adj Normal adj 38 Novel n Novel n 67 39 Operator n Operator n 40 Optimal adj Optimal adj 41 Partner n Partner n 42 Patriot n Patriot n 43 Poster n Poster n 44 Program n Program n 45 Proposal n Proposal n 46 Pub n Pub n 47 Regional adj Regional adj 48 Rival n Rival n 49 Semifinal adj Semifinal adj 50 Seminar n Seminar n 51 Status n Status n 52 Super n Super n 53 Target adj Target adj 54 Telegram n Telegram n 55 Terminal n Terminal n 56 Top adj Top adj 57 Total n Total n 58 Tripod n Tripod n 59 Unit n Unit n 60 Veteran n Veteran n 61 Video n Video n 62 Virus n Virus n 68 63 Visa n Visa n 64 Visual adj Visual adj 65 Volume n Volume n Table 4.5: conversion’s list 1. Area The word “area” is a noun which is derived from English word “area”. In this process there is no changing in writing system of “area” in English and “area” in ɒahasa Indonesia. The word class of these words doesn’t change, in ɒahasa Indonesia “area” is a noun and in English “area” also is a noun. 2. Atom The word “atom” is derived from English word “atom”. In the word “atom” there is no changing in writing system of “atom” in Bahasa Indonesia and “atom” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indon esia “atom” is a noun and so does in English. 3. Audio The word “audio” is derived from English word “audio”. In the word “audio” there is no changing in writing system of “audio” in Bahasa Indonesia and “audio” in English. The word class of this word is same, in Bahasa Indonesia “audio” is a noun and so does in English. 4. Audit The word “audit” is derived from English word “audit”. In the word “audit” there is no changing in writing system of “audit” in Bahasa Indonesia and “audit” in English. The word class of this word is same, in Bahasa Indonesia “audit” is a noun and so does in English. 69 5. Bank The word “bank” is derived from English word “bank”. In the word “bank” there is no changing in writing system of “bank” in Bahasa Indonesia and “bank” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “bank” is a noun and so does in English. 6. Bar The word “bar” is derived from English word “bar”. In the word “bar” there is no changing in writing system of “bar” in Bahasa Indonesia and “bar” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in ɒahasa Indonesia “bar” is a noun and so does in English. 7. Bilateral The word “bilateral” is derived from English word “bilateral”. In the word “bank” there is no changing in writing system of “bilateral” in Bahasa Indonesia and “bilateral” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in ɒahasa Indonesia “bilateral” is a noun and so does in English. 8. Bomber The word “bomber” is derived from English word “bomber”. In the word “bomber” there is no changing in writing system of “bomber” in ɒahasa Indonesia and “bomber” in English. The word class of this word also doesn’t change, in ɒahasa Indonesia “bomber” is a noun and so does in English. 9. Bus The word “bus” is derived from English word “bus”. In the word “bus” there is no changing in writing system of “bus” in Bahasa Indonesia and 70 “bus” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in ɒahasa Indonesia “bus” is a noun and so does in English. 10. Debit The word “debit” is derived from English word “debit”. In the word “debit” there is no changing in writing system of “debit” in Bahasa Indonesia and “debit” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “debit” is a noun and so does in English. 11. Detail The word “detail” is derived from English word “detail”. In the word “detail” there is no changing in writing system of “detail” in Bahasa Indonesia and “detail” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “detail” is a noun and so does in English. 12. Digital The word “domain” is derived from English word “domain”. In the word “domain” there is no changing in writing system of “domain” in Bahasa Indonesia and “domain” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “domain” is an adjective and so does in English. 13. Domain The word “domain” is derived from English word “domain”. In the word “domain” there is no changing in writing system of “domain” in Bahasa Indonesia and “domain” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “domain” is a noun and so does in English. 71 14. Duel The word “duel” is derived from English word “duel”. In the word “duel” there is no changing in writing system of “duel” in Bahasa Indonesia and “duel” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “duel” is a noun and so does in English. 15. Duet The word “duet” is derived from English word “duet”. In the word “duet” there is no changing in writing system of “duet” in Bahasa Indonesia and “duet” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “duet” is a noun and so does in English. 16. Elite The word “elite” is derived from English word “elite”. In the word “elite” there is no changing in writing system of “elite” in Bahasa Indonesia and “elite” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “elite” is a noun and so does in English. 17. Era The word “era” is derived from English word “era”. In the word “era” there is no changing in writing system of “era” in Bahasa Indonesia and “era” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “era” is a noun and so does in English. 18. Film The word “film” is derived from English word “film”. In the word “film” there is no changing in writing system of “film” in Bahasa Indonesia and “film” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “film” is a noun and so does in English. 72 19. Final The word “final” is derived from English word “final”. In the word “final” there is no changing in writing system of “final” in Bahasa Indonesia and “final” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “final” is a noun and so does in English. 20. Format The word “format” is derived from English word “format”. In the word “format” there is no changing in writing system of “format” in Bahasa Indonesia and “format” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “format” is a noun and so does in English. 21. Formula The word “formula” is derived from English word “formula”. In the word “formula” there is no changing in writing system of “formula” in ɒahasa Indonesia and “formula” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In ɒahasa Indonesia “formula” is a noun and so does in English. 22. Genre The word “genre” is derived from English word “genre”. In the word “genre” there is no changing in writing system of “genre” in Bahasa Indonesia and “genre” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “genre” is a noun and so does in English. 23. Global The word “global” is derived from English word “global”. In the word “global” there is no changing in writing system of “global” in Bahasa Indonesia and “global” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t 73 change. In Bahasa Indonesia “global” is an adjective and so does in English. 24. Hotel The word “hotel” is derived from English word “hotel”. In the word “hotel” there is no changing in writing system of “hotel” in Bahasa Indonesia and “hotel” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “hotel” is a noun and so does in English. 25. Internal The word “internal” is derived from English word “internal”. In the word “internal” there is no changing in writing system of “internal” in ɒahasa Indonesia and “internal” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In ɒahasa Indonesia “internal” is an adjective and so does in English. 26. Item The word “item” is derived from English word “item”. In the word “item” there is no changing in writing system of “item” in Bahasa Indonesia and “item” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “item” is an adjective and so does in English. 27. Level The word “level” is derived from English word “level”. In the word “level” there is no changing in writing system of “level” in Bahasa Indonesia and “level” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “level” is a noun and so does in English. 74 28. Maestro The word “maestro” is derived from English word “maestro”. In the word “maestro” there is no changing in writing system of “maestro” in Bahasa Indonesia and “maestro” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “maestro” is a noun and so does in English. 29. Magnet The word “magnet” is derived from English word “magnet”. In the word “magnet” there is no changing in writing system of “magnet” in Bahasa Indonesia and “magnet” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “magnet” is a noun and so does in English. 30. Material The word “material” is derived from English word “material”. In the word “material” there is no changing in writing system of “material” in Bahasa Indonesia and “material” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “material” is a noun and so does in English. 31. Media The word “media” is derived from English word “media”. In the word “media” there is no changing in writing system of “media” in Bahasa Indonesia and “media” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “media” is a noun and so does in English. 32. Model The word “model” is derived from English word “model”. In the word “model” there is no changing in writing system of “model” in Bahasa 75 Indonesia and “model” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “model” is a noun and so does in English. 33. Modern The word “modern” is derived from English word “modern”. In the word “modern” there is no changing in writing system of “modern” in ɒahasa Indonesia and “modern” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In ɒahasa Indonesia “modern” is an adjective and so does in English. 34. Moral The word “moral” is derived from English word “moral”. In the word “moral” there is no changing in writing system of “moral” in Bahasa Indonesia and “moral” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “moral” is a noun and so does in English. 35. Multilateral The word “multilateral” is derived from English word “multilateral”. In the word “multilateral” there is no changing in writing system of “multilateral” in ɒahasa Indonesia and “multilateral” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In ɒahasa Indonesia “multilateral” is an adjective and so does in English. 36. Navigator The word “navigator” is derived from English word “navigator”. In the word “navigator” there is no changing in writing system of “navigator” in Bahasa Indonesia and “navigator” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “navigator” is a noun and so does in English. 76 37. Normal The word “normal” is derived from English word “normal”. In the word “normal” there is no changing in writing system of “normal” in Bahasa Indonesia and “normal” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “normal” is an adjective and so does in English. 38. Novel The word “novel” is derived from English word “novel”. In the word “novel” there is no changing in writing system of “novel” in Bahasa Indonesia and “novel” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “novel” is a noun and so does in English. 39. Operator The word “operator” is derived from English word “operator”. In the word “operator” there is no changing in writing system of “operator” in ɒahasa Indonesia and “operator” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in ɒahasa Indonesia “operator” is a noun and so does in English. 40. Optimal The word “optimal” is derived from English word “optimal”. In the word “optimal” there is no changing in writing system of “optimal” in Bahasa Indonesia and “optimal” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “optimal” is an adjective and so does in English. 77 41. Partner The word “partner” is derived from English word “partner”. In the word “partner” there is no changing in writing system of “partner” in Bahasa Indonesia and “partner” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “partner” is a noun and so does in English. 42. Patriot The word “patriot” is derived from English word “patriot”. In the word “patriot” there is no changing in writing system of “patriot” in Bahasa Indonesia and “patriot” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “patriot” is a noun and so does in English. 43. Poster The word “poster” is derived from English word “poster”. In the word “poster” there is no changing in writing system of “poster” in Bahasa Indonesia and “poster” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “poster” is a noun and so does in English. 44. Program The word “program” is derived from English word “program”. In the word “program” there is no changing in writing system of “program” in ɒahasa Indonesia and “program” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in ɒahasa Indonesia “program” is a noun and so does in English. 45. Proposal The word “proposal” is derived from English word “proposal”. In the word “proposal” there is no changing in writing system of “proposal” in Bahasa Indonesia and “proposal” in English. The word class of this word 78 doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “proposal” is a noun and so does in English. 46. Pub The word “pub” is derived from English word “pub”. In the word “pub” there is no changing in writing system of “pub” in Bahasa Indonesia and “pub” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in ɒahasa Indonesia “pub” is a noun and so does in English. 47. Regional The word “regional” is derived from English word “regional”. In the word “regional” there is no changing in writing system of “regional” in Bahasa Indonesia and “regional” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “regional” is an adjective and so does in English. 48. Rival The word “rival” is derived from English word “rival”. In the word “rival” there is no changing in writing system of “rival” in Bahasa Indonesia and “rival” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “rival” is a noun and so does in English. 49. Semifinal The word “semifinal” is derived from English word “semifinal”. In the word “semifinal” there is no changing in writing system of “semifinal” in Bahasa Indonesia and “semifinal” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “semifinal” is an adjective and so does in English. 79 50. Seminar The word “seminar” is derived from English word “seminar”. In the word “seminar” there is no changing in writing system of “seminar” in ɒahasa Indonesia and “seminar” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in ɒahasa Indonesia “seminar” is a noun and so does in English. 51. Status The word “status” is derived from English word “status”. In the word “status” there is no changing in writing system of “status” in Bahasa Indonesia and “status” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “status” is a noun and so does in English. 52. Super The word “super” is derived from English word “super”. In the word “super” there is no changing in writing system of “super” in Bahasa Indonesia and “super” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “super” is a noun and so does in English. 53. Target The word “target” is derived from English word “target”. In the word “target” there is no changing in writing system of “target” in Bahasa Indonesia and “target” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “target” is an adjective and so does in English. 54. Telegram The word “telegram” is derived from English word “telegram”. In the word “telegram” there is no changing in writing system of “telegram” in 80 ɒahasa Indonesia and “telegram” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in ɒahasa Indonesia “telegram” is a noun and so does in English. 55. Terminal The word “terminal” is derived from English word “terminal”. In the word “terminal” there is no changing in writing system of “terminal” in Bahasa Indonesia and “terminal” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “terminal” is a noun and so does in English. 56. Top The word “top” is derived from English word “top”. In the word “top” there is no changing in writing system of “top” in Bahasa Indonesia and “top” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In ɒahasa Indonesia “top” is an adjective and so does in English. 57. Total The word “total” is derived from English word “total”. In the word “total” there is no changing in writing system of “total” in Bahasa Indonesia and “total” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “total” is a noun and so does in English. 58. Tripod The word “tripod” is derived from English word “tripod”. In the word “tripod” there is no changing in writing system of “tripod” in Bahasa Indonesia and “tripod” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “tripod” is a noun and so does in English. 81 59. Unit The word “unit” is derived from English word “unit”. In the word “unit” there is no changing in writing system of “unit” in Bahasa Indonesia and “unit” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “unit” is a noun and so does in English. 60. Veteran The word “veteran” is derived from English word “veteran”. In the word “veteran” there is no changing in writing system of “veteran” in Bahasa Indonesia and “veteran” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “veteran” is a noun and so does in English. 61. Video The word “video” is derived from English word “video”. In the word “atom” there is no changing in writing system of “video” in Bahasa Indonesia and “video” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “video” is a noun and so does in English. 62. Virus The word “virus” is derived from English word “virus”. In the word “virus” there is no changing in writing system of “virus” in Bahasa Indonesia and “virus” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “virus” is a noun and so does in English. 63. Visa The word “visa” is derived from English word “visa”. In the word “visa” there is no changing in writing system of “visa” in Bahasa Indonesia and “visa” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “visa” is a noun and so does in English. 82 64. Visual The word “visual” is derived from English word “visual”. In the word “visual” there is no changing in writing system of “visual” in Bahasa Indonesia and “visual” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change. In Bahasa Indonesia “visual” is an adjective and so does in English. 65. Volume The word “volume” is derived from English word “volume”. In the word “volume” there is no changing in writing system of “volume” in Bahasa Indonesia and “volume” in English. The word class of this word doesn’t change, in Bahasa Indonesia “volume” is a noun and so does in English.

4.1.6. Analysis of Derivational Process

Besides affixation, internal changes, and conversion, the process of word formation in borrowing English word into Bahasa Indonesia also can be analyzed through process of derivational. Generally, derivational is functioned to move a word class of base form into different word class. The table below explains about derivational of English loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia. Based on the data that have been classified, 15 English words that get derivational process when they are used in Bahasa Indonesia are: Bound Morpheme Noun Adjective Verb Base Form Derivational Base Form Derivational Base Form Derivation Ber - Diskusi - - - - Ber-diskusi 83 Adaptasi - - - - Ber-adaptasi Ber –kan Modal - - - - Ber-modal- kan Me- Antisipasi - - - - Meng- antisipasi Mutasi - - - - Me-mutasi Me –kan Operasi - - - - Meng- operasi-kan Promosi - - - - Mem- promosi- kan Informasi - - - - Meng- informasi- kan Instruksi - - - - Meng- instruksi- kan Investasi - - - - Meng- investasi- kan - Profesi - - Professional - - - Sistem - - Sistematis - - - Artis - - Artistik - - - Objek - - Objektif - - 84 - Operasi - - Operasional - - Table 4.6: derivational process’s list 1. Berdiskusi The word “berdiskusi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “diskusi”. The word “berdiskusi” includes into derivational process because the word class of the word has been changed from noun “diskusi” to a verb “berdiskusi”. The word “berdiskusi” is derived from English word “discuss”. 2. Beradaptasi The word “beradaptasi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “adaptasi”. The word “beradaptasi” includes into derivational process because the word class of the word has been changed from noun “adaptasi” to a verb “beradaptasi”. The word “beradaptasi” is derived from English word “adapt”. 3. Bermodalkan The word “bermodalkan” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “modal” + suffix “-kan”. The word “bermodalkan” includes into derivational process because the word class of the word has been changed from noun “modal” to a verb “bermodalkan”. The word “bermodalkan” is derived from English word “modal”. 4. Mengantisispasi The word “mengantisipasi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “antisispasi”. The word “mengantisispasi” includes into derivational process because the word class of the word has been 85 changed from noun “antisipasi” to a verb “mengantisipasi”. The word “mengantisipasi” is derived from English word “anticipate”. 5. Memutasi The word “memutasi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “mutasi”. The word “memutasi” includes into derivational process because the word class of word has been changed from noun “mutasi” to a verb “memutasi”. The word “memutasi” is derived from English word “mutate”. 6. Mengoperasikan The word “mengoperasikan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “operasi” + suffix “-kan”. The word “mengoperasikan” includes into derivational process because the word class of the word has been changed from noun “operasi” to a verb “mengoperasikan”. The word “mengoperasikan” is derived from English word “operate”. 7. Mempromosikan The word “mempromosikan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “promosi” + suffix “-kan”. The word “mempromosikan” includes into derivational process because the word class of the word has been changed from noun “promosi” to a verb “mempromosikan”. The word “mempromosikan” is derived from English word “promote”. 8. Menginformasikan The word “menginformasikan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “informasi” + suffix “-kan”. The word “menginformasikan” includes into derivational process because the word class of the word has 86 been changed from noun “informasi” to a verb “menginformasikan”. The word “menginformasikan” is derived from English word “inform”. 9. Menginstruksikan The word “mengintruksikan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “instruksi” + suffix “-kan”. The word “menginstruksikan” include into derivational process because the word class of the word has been changed from noun “instruksi” to a verb “menginstruksikan”. The word “menginsruksikan” is derived from English word “instruct”. 10. Menginvestasikan The word “menginvestasikan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “investasi” + suffix “-kan”. The word “menginvestasikan” includes into derivational process because the word class has been changed from noun “investasi” to a verb “menginvestasikan”. The word “menginvestasikan” is derived from English word “invest”. 11. Profesional The word “profesional” is an adjective which is derived from English adjective word “professional. The word “profesional” includes in derivational process because the word class of this word has been changed from a noun “profesi” into adjective “profesional”. The word “profesional” is formed from a base “profesi” and a bound morpheme “-onal”. 12. Sistematis The word “sistematis” is formed from a base “sistem” and a bound morpheme “tis”. The word “sistematis” includes in derivational process because the word class of this word has been changed from a noun 87 “sistem” into an adjective “sistematis”. The word “sistematis” is derived from English word “sistematic”. 13. Artistik The word “artistik” is formed from a base “artis” and a bound morpheme “tik”. The word “artistik” includes in derivational process because the word class of this word has been changed from a noun “artis” into an adjective “artistik”. The word “artistik” is derived from English word “artistic”. 14. Objektif The word “objektif” is formed from a base “objek” and a bound morpheme “tif”. The word “objektif” includes in derivational process because the word class of this word has been changed from a noun “objek” into an adjective “objektif”. The word “objektif” is derived from English word “objective”. 15. Operasional The word “operasional” is formed from a base “operasi” and a bound morpheme “nal”. The word “operasional” includes in derivational process because the word class of this word has been changed from a noun “operasi” into an adjective “operasional”. The word “operasional” is derived from English word “operational”.

4.2. Finding

In its expansion, Bahasa Indonesia borrows some elements from other languages, whether they come from local dialects or foreign languages. The finding with regard to this borrowing words actually has had influence on how Bahasa 88 Indonesia adapts and how its word formation when foreign language is used in Bahasa Indonesia. The writing system and the pronunciation of foreign language are different from Bahasa Indonesia. This can be a new phenomenon in Bahasa Indonesia and can be analyzed by using morphemic analysis. In borrowing foreign words, Bahasa Indonesia absolutely has changed its writing system and pronunciation. Based on the data that obtained from Kompas selected columns, there are at least 215 loanwords found in and they are categorized into two types of loanwords, spontaneous loanwords and incorporated loanwords. Then these loanwords are analyzed through some processes of morphemic analysis that explain about the change of word formation from English loanwords into Bahasa Indonesia. After analyzing the morphemic processes that occur in the word formation of English loanwords into Bahasa Indonesia, about 50 words out of 215 loanwords are categorized into morphemic process of affixation, 85 words out of 215 loanwords are categorized into morphemic process of internal change, 65 words out of 215 loanwords are categorized into morphemic process of conversiona or zero derivation, and 15 words out of 215 loanwords are categorized into morphemic process of derivational. 89 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion