15 brought to the replacement from the word-class to other word-class. The distribution
of inflectional process is wider than derivational process. The form of inflectional is usually divided into some grammatical categories such as gender manmale and
womanfemale time, active and passive forms, and other category that have possibility with the characteristic of certain languages.
In English, the following examples will be explained.
Base Form Inflectional
Word-Class Category
Boy Boys
Noun Plural
Instrumentalist Instrumentalists
Noun Plural
Pretty Prettier
Adjective Comparison
Degree Prettiest
Good Better
Adjective Comparison
Degree Best
Stop Stopped
Verb Time
Give Gave
Verb Time
Table 2.2: inflectional forms
2.4. Loanwords
Loanwords are the words that are taken from one language to another language. The loanwords are categorized into the sociolinguistics which discusses
the social phenomenon of language with regards to the human being and the use of language in society. Wardaugh cited in Hanafiah 2013:81-91 states that loanwords
refer to words that are borrowed from different languages and used them in their
16 utterance. He also states whether the foreign words are adopted or not, two types of
loanwords have been distinguished as follows: 1.
Spontaneous loanwords Spontaneous loanwords are foreign words that receive no adaptation at
all or they may receive it but the adaptation is not apparently noticeable in the base language.
For example, the English “thank” is written thank without spelling change, pronounced as
θæŋk and without changing the phoneme θ into t, and without erasing the sound of k at the end of the
word. 2.
Incorporated loanwords Incorporated loanwords are words that are borrowed and receive affixes,
sounds, or spelling adjustment in the base language. For example, the English
“handphone” has been pronounced hænpon and sometimes written
“henpon”, the word “juice” become “jus”, “paragraph” become “paragraf”, etc.
Besides the two types above, he also distinguishes two types of loan words based on the level of the necessity in borrowing the words, the types are:
1. Necessary loanwords
Necessary loanwords, also named importations, are words borrowed from foreign languages by bilinguals into their utterance because they
find there is no exact word in their own language that can express what they mean. For examples, the Indonesia words related to invention of
technology “televise”, “telepon”, “computer”, and “internet” are
absorbed from English words, “television”, “telephone”, “computer”, and
“internet”.
17 2.
Unnecessary loanwords Unnecessary loanwords are the words from a foreign language that are
borrowed although there are actually corresponding words in the language receive that may be used to substitute them. The following list
is popular loanwords found in Bahasa Indonesia that demonstrate the unnecessary. Some of the Bahasa Indonesia corresponding items indeed
look more foreign than the English that have been frequently and widely used.
English Loanword Bahasa Indonesia Corresponding Items
Keywords Kata kunci
Software Perangkat lunak
Microphone Pelantang
E-mail Pos elektronik
Scanner Pemindai
Handphone Telepon genggam
Keyboard Papan tombol
Snack Kudapan
Laundry Penatu;dobi
Web-news Jejaring berita
Table 2.3: necessary and unnecessary loanwords
18
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1. Research Design
