The English teacher as the collaborator and the researcher observed the teaching and learning process in class VIII B and students’ progress in
writing. For the collaborator, observation sheets were also used on this process.
3. Testing and evaluating student writing The researcher gave two tasks in this research which were the result of
students’ recount practice on writing. Then, the researcher evaluated their writing tasks from the first task to the last task. Each task was used to see
whether there was students’ improvement on their writing practice.
F. Data Analysis
The data in this research were qualitative in nature and were also be supported by the quantitative data. To obtain the qualitative data, the researcher
described the process during the action, interview transcripts, observation checklist, and students’ writing.
Firstly, the researcher looked up the findings as genuine data such as field notes, interview transcripts, and other
notes on students’ activity. It was done to meet the process validity. Then, the researcher analyzed the description of opinions, performances and the result of
research. Secondly, from the interview with the students and the English teacher as a collaborator, the transcripts were also written. It showed the progress of the
implementation given. Additionally, the researcher and the teacher shared their own opinions, ideas, and comments about the implication of the action research.
It was useful to avoid subjectivity in analyzing data and getting trustworthiness.
To attain the quantitative data, the researcher applied a writing test on recount texts. The scores from the test would be used to acquire the data by comparing
the mean scores of students writing.
G. Validity and Reliability of the Research
To make the data valid, the researcher used four kinds of validity. They were democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, and dialogic
validity as proposed by Burns 1997: 161. Each of the criteria was presented in the following discussion.
1. Democratic validity Democratic validity has something to do with the involved subjects’ chances to
give their opinion, idea, and comment about the implication of the action research. In order to get democratic validity, the researcher did interview with
the English teacher and the students to find out their ideas, comments and opinions about the actions which had been done.
2. Outcome validity Outcome validity is related to the actions during the research. The actions can
be successful if it was within the context of the research. In this research, the processes were related to the improvement of students’ writing skills through
the use of bulletin board as a media.
