To attain the quantitative data, the researcher applied a writing test on recount texts. The scores from the test would be used to acquire the data by comparing
the mean scores of students writing.
G. Validity and Reliability of the Research
To make the data valid, the researcher used four kinds of validity. They were democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, and dialogic
validity as proposed by Burns 1997: 161. Each of the criteria was presented in the following discussion.
1. Democratic validity Democratic validity has something to do with the involved subjects’ chances to
give their opinion, idea, and comment about the implication of the action research. In order to get democratic validity, the researcher did interview with
the English teacher and the students to find out their ideas, comments and opinions about the actions which had been done.
2. Outcome validity Outcome validity is related to the actions during the research. The actions can
be successful if it was within the context of the research. In this research, the processes were related to the improvement of students’ writing skills through
the use of bulletin board as a media.
3. Process validity Process validity means that the actions were believable. To get the process
validity, the researcher collected the data by doing observation, and note during the research. In this research, the process was done in two cycles and each cycle
consisted of planning, actions and observation, and reflection steps. The process involved some different data sources and was followed by some evidence that
showed the believable process. 4. Dialogic validity
Dialogic validity means that stakeholders who involved could take part in the process of the research. This research involved the teacher as the collaborator
who could observe the research process. The researcher also used the triangulation to meet the reliability of the research as well. The reliability of the
research was obtained by giving genuine data, such as the field notes, questionnaires, and interview transcripts.
The triangulation Burns, 1999: 163-164 mentioned kinds of triangulation namely time triangulation, space triangulation, investigator triangulation and
theoretical triangulation. However, the researcher used two of them which were as follows.
1. Investigator triangulation There was more than one observer in this research in the same setting. This
avoided the observer’s bias and provided checks on the reliability of the observation.
