Data and Technique of Collecting Data

3. Process validity Process validity means that the actions were believable. To get the process validity, the researcher collected the data by doing observation, and note during the research. In this research, the process was done in two cycles and each cycle consisted of planning, actions and observation, and reflection steps. The process involved some different data sources and was followed by some evidence that showed the believable process. 4. Dialogic validity Dialogic validity means that stakeholders who involved could take part in the process of the research. This research involved the teacher as the collaborator who could observe the research process. The researcher also used the triangulation to meet the reliability of the research as well. The reliability of the research was obtained by giving genuine data, such as the field notes, questionnaires, and interview transcripts. The triangulation Burns, 1999: 163-164 mentioned kinds of triangulation namely time triangulation, space triangulation, investigator triangulation and theoretical triangulation. However, the researcher used two of them which were as follows. 1. Investigator triangulation There was more than one observer in this research in the same setting. This avoided the observer’s bias and provided checks on the reliability of the observation. 2. Theoretical triangulation The data were analyzed from many perspectives. The researcher analyzed the data based on more than one theoretical review in interpreting the data.

H. Procedure of the Research

a. Determining the thematic concern on reconnaissance The first step in conducting this study is determining the thematic concern. In this step, the researcher will conduct the observation in the classroom, and interviews with the classroom teacher and the English teacher to identify some problems related to students’ attention needed for the plan of action research. b. Planning In this step, the researcher work together with the English teacher of class three to plan some actions. The aim of the actions is to increase the students’ attention in the English teaching-learning process. Actions planned to be carried out are as the following: 1. using media in the teaching-learning process, 2. using picture series and bulletin board to improve students writing practice, 3. involving students actively by applying different activities, 4. Using English instructions in the classroom.