1. 1. 2 The Preparation of Using Visual Media Before Teaching

Speaking is not always long like a sentence in a book. Luoma 2004 mentions that speaking can be considered as the units of idea. When people speak, they usually create short phrases, clauses connected with and, or, but, that, or maybe not joined by conjunctions at all but simply spoken next to each other, sometimes there will be a short pause between them. The grammar that being used in spoken language is usually simpler than the written language. This situation happens because the speaker is trying to communicate the ideas that the listener needs to comprehend at the moment of speaking. It has connection with the listener ’s memory while the words are being spoken. Therefore, the units of idea usually take time for about two seconds or seven words long. Speaking can also be said as a try to communicate with each other in verbal language. McDonough and Shaw 1993 state that speaking is desire and purpose driven which means that it is originally an effort to communicate something and it should achieve an ending. It involves expressing ideas and opinions, expressing a wish or a desire to do something, negotiating or solving a particular problem, establishing or maintaining social relationship and friendship. Therefore, when we create some dialogs, there will always be an opening, contain, and closing. Meanwhile, Nunan 1989 says that spoken language consists of short, incomplete utterances, and has strong connection with pronunciations. There will be some repetitions and overlaps between one speaker to another speaker. The speakers usually use the object pronoun of the things rather than saying the original name of the thing such as ‘this’, ‘that’, or ‘it’. From those explanations above then it can be concluded that speaking is the units of idea which contain some vocabularies and those vocabularies are wrapped into one to make a meaningful utterance. The ideas can be short or long, they depend to the situation where the speaker is going through. Speaking is considered success when the other speaker that we are talking to is able to comprehend our message. Besides vocabulary, pronunciation is also very important in speaking. Since many words in English are not read as they are written, wrong pronunciation may create some misunderstanding between the speakers. 2. 1. 2. 2 Speaking as A Skill Knowing the elements of the language, it does not mean that we have a great skill in speaking. Bygate 1987 says that to be able to speak a foreign language, certainly we have to master the certain amount of vocabulary and grammar. Knowledge is quite different from skill. For example, in language learning, someone is very good at memorizing the vocabulary and also very good at understanding grammar, however, if this person never tries to use it in the real life conversation or in another meaning, this person never practices to speak to others, then he or she is not that skillful in speaking. It is just like you know the whole theories about the language but then you do not know how to use it. So this is where the skill takes part. By giving more practices and drillings, the learner’s speaking skill will improve better. In practice session, we as a teacher must be able to make the students to create or produce the sentences. Therefore, the students do not only know how to construct the sentences in grammatically correct, but they also know how to adjust the situation in the conversation. They have to be able to think fast in order to reply the questions that the other speaker asks. Thus, it can be said that knowledge is only a part of the circle. We need skill to make the circle complete. Knowledge can be understood and memorized but only skill that can be imitated and practiced. 2. 1. 2. 3 The Elements of Speaking Skill Speaking also has great connection between what to say and how to say the words. Many students claimed that they found difficulties in delivering their ideas in English because they did not know what to say. They had the idea in their mind but it was very difficult to express the idea orally. They also did not know where to start the utterances. This is where the elements of speaking skill will take the most part in making the conversation. There are five elements of speaking skill, namely pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension. Nation Newton 2009 state that pronunciation includes the articulation of individual sounds and the distinctive features of sounds, stress and intonation. Meanwhile, Avery Ehrlich 1992 mention that since every country has their own original accent, studying pronunciation as the native-like may not be perfect; however, ignoring pronunciation can totally be a great loss for students. Based on socio-cultural factors, they state that there are some countries that still keep their original accent as the mark of their own cultural identity. That is why we can find several dialects of English based on the place where they live, such as British English, American English, Australian English, etc. The sound system of the native language really can affect the students’ pronunciation in three ways. First, when the students meet the sounds in English which are not the part of their first language. Second, when the students find that the rules of combining the sounds into the words are different with the students’ first language. Third, when the students meet the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI