formation, then the non-projected visual media will provide the drilling session that can make the students speak over and over again.
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The aim of this chapter is to clarify the constructs and the concepts of this study. This chapter will discuss three general concepts, namely theoretical review,
review of related studies, and theoretical framework.
2. 1 Theoretical Review
The current literature on related themes in this section includes the reviews of 1 Non-Projected Visual Media, 2 The Nature of Speaking, 3 Teaching
Speaking, 4 Assessing Speaking, and 5 Action Research. The discussion below is based on those reviews.
2. 1. 1 Non-Projected Visual Media
Visual media are media that can be seen or touched by the teacher and the students. Anitah 2009 says that visual media are media that can give vision or
image about something only by looking at them. Meanwhile, Stoner 2009 says that visual media are something that can express a word without writing it, it can
explain the abstract concepts, and it can steal the audience’s attention. Rosyada
2010 states that visual media have strong connection with the visual sense. It is known that there are two messages carried by visual media, which are verbal
message and non-verbal message. Verbal visual messages consist of words in the written form, and non-verbal messages are messages that represent in the form of
non-verbal visual symbol such as pictures. Non projected visual media are media that definitely do not use any
electricity when using them. Latuheru 1988 says that these media do not need a special equipment to see them such as a projector. Their numbers are many, easy
to get, and easy to use compare than the other media. They can be used everywhere regardless of the lack of the electricity. They can be used in a school
that is located in a small village even without any electricity connection. There are many kinds of non-projected visual media. Anitah 2009 says
that there are ten kinds of non-projected visual media, namely picture, illustration, caricature, poster, chart, diagram, graph, map, realia or model, and board. Those
non-projected visual media have their own advantages and they help the teacher to explain the material in various ways. They can be used in presentation step,
practice step, or even production step. Picture is the first non-projected visual media that has many functions.
Gerlach Ely 1980 say that a picture can represent thousands of meaning. A picture can bring the students to the place that unreachable into the classroom.
Smaldono 2008 states that a picture can give a vision about anything, such as animals, people, places, or scenes. A picture can bring the abstract idea to the
reality world. Edgar Dale 1963 says that a picture can transform the learning experience from the words step into the concrete experience.
There are some advantages of using picture in the classroom. First, a picture can transform the abstract idea into the concrete idea. Second, it can be found in
the books. Third, it is easy to use because it does need any equipment. Fourth, it is relatively cheap. Fifth, it can be used for any studies or any levels of the students.
Pictures may also give another benefit by helping the teacher to change the situation fast in oral drill. Kreidler 1963 says
that since the student’s goal in learning English is to use the language for communication in many different
situations, it is important that a number of different situations should be presented PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
