100 Indusia may be entire or not. It would be one of the important characters
in species determination. Most of Diplazium have entire indusia. Generally, entire indusia are seen in species with simple to pinnate fronds, such as D.
suberratum, D bantamense, D. cordifolium, D. lobbianum, D. pallidum, D. riparium, D. silvaticum, and D. wahauense
. Whereas non entire indusia toothed or fringed or lacerate are found in species with bipinnate fronds, such as D.
atrosquamosum, D. beamanii, D. betimusense, D. esculentum, D. Kunstlerii, D. laevipes,
and D. meijerii.
6.4. Materials and Methods 6.4.1. Taxon Sampling
All species of Diplazium described in the Chapter 9 69 species were included in this study Table 6.1..
Athyrium anisopterum was chosen as
outgroup. The description of A. anisopterum taken from Holttum 1966. Athyrium
was chosen as an outgroup because this genus was considered as the closest relatives of the ingroup See Kato 1977.
6.4.2. Character Examination of Diplazium
Morphological characters used in this investigation were obtained mainly from the observations of dried specimens. All characters used by Holttum 1940,
1966, Kato 1995 and Tagawa Iwatsuki 1988 were assessed. Table 6.1. showed characters, character states, and coding for 88 character utilized in
construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium. A list of taxa studied and the scores for characters states are provided in Appendix 1.
The morphological datasets matrix was constructed by scoring character states of the characters chosen from the species descriptions Chapter 10. All
qualitative characters were coded as binary and multistate. When characters states could not be defined due to incomplete specimens examined, it was noted as ‘?’.
Missing character states were marked as ‘-‘. Quantitative characters are coded by using gap-weigting method Thiele
1993. The steps are as follows: 1 The raw data are initially ranked as an
101 ordered set of states, arranged according to the values of the means; 2 The data
are then range standardized: x
s
= x- min max – min n where, x = the raw datum, x
s
= the standardized datum, n = the maximum number ordered states allowed by the cladistic computer program, in this study n
= 9; 3 The value is coded as the rounded integer of the standardized values; 4 The characters are treated as an ordered multistate for analysis.
6.4.3. Phylogenetic Analysis
The data matrix was run using PAUP Version 4.0 beta Swofford, 1998. Due to the complexity of the dataset, Heuristic searching was employed. All
characters are of type unordered and have equal weight. Gaps are treated as missing”. Multistate taxa interpreted as uncertainty. Starting trees obtained via
stepwise addition. Number of trees held at each step during stepwise addition = 1. Branch-swapping algorithm used tree-bisection-reconnection TBR. Initial
MaxTrees setting = 100. The number of rearrangements tried were unlimited.
102 Table 6.1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium.
Characters 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9
1. Rhizome Length Short
Long
2.Rhizome habit Erect
Suberect Creeping
3.Rhizome appearance
Slender Medium Stout 4. Occurrence of
scales on stipes Sparsely at
base Sparsely
throughout its length
Densely at base
Densely at base to
middle Densely
throughout its length
5. Attachment side of scales
Subbasal Basal 6.
Scales shape
Linear Oblong subtriangular
Lanceolate Narrowly triangular
Subulate Oblong ovate
Ovate Rounded 7.
Scales Length
mm
2.50 2.50 x5.75
5.75 x7.5 7.5
x 9.75 9.75
x11.75 11.75 x13.75 13.75 x16.75 16.75 x18.75 8.75 x20.75 75 x
8.
Scales Width mm 0.6
0.6 x 1.25 1.25 x
2.00 2.00 x
2.75 2.75 x3.30
3.3 x3.75 3.75 x 4.75
4.75 x 5.75 5.75 x 6
6
9. Scales
colour Yellowish
Light brown Pale
brown Brown Dark
brown Black
10. Scales thickeness Thin Thick
11. Existence of teeth at scales margin
entire bluntly
toohed sharply
toodhed 12.
Type of teeth on scale marginal
teeth simple not forked
teeth forked
13.
Scales existence of margin glands
Without glandulars
cells With
glandulars cell
103 Table 1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium.
Characters 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9
14. Scales margin thickness
Without thickening
black strands With
thickening black strands
15. Stipe appearance Slender Medium Stout
16.
Stipe length, mm 12.25
12.25 x 28.25
28.25 x 36.75
36.75 x 50.75
50.75 x 64.75
64.75 x
78.25 78.25 x
92.75 92.75 x
106.25 106.25 x
120.75 120.75
17. Stipe thickness near base, mm
1.25 1.25 x
2.75 2.75 x 4
x 5.25 5.25 x
6.75 6.75 x
7.75 7.75 x 8.75
8.75 x 10.25
10.25 x 11.75
11.75
18. Stipe surface Smooth
Protuberance Prickly
19. Hair existence on stipe
Glabrous Glabrescent Tomentose 20. Existence of
scales on upper part of stipe
Glabrescent Scales 21. Existence of
scales on stipe base Glabrescent Sparsely scales
Densely scales
22. Stramineous dark
stramineous pale
olivaceous yellowish pale
brown dark
brown .black
23.
Lamina division Simple
Pinnatifid Imparipinnate
Pinnate Bipinnatifid
Bipinnate Tripinnatified
Tripinnate
24.
Lamina shape Oblong
Oblong lanceolate
Oblong subtriangular
Oblong ovate
Oblong subdeltoid
Oblong ovoid
Elliptic Lanceolate
Ovate subdeltoid
Deltoid
25. Lamina length cm 13.50
13.50 x 30.75
30.75 x 47.25
47.25 x 62.75
62.75 x 77.25
77.25 x 94.75
94.74 x 111.25
111.25 x 128.75
128.75 x 145.25
145.25
26.
Lamina width cm
10.75 10.75 x
17.25 17.25 x
27.75 27.75 x
38.25 38.25 x
49.75 49.75 x
57.75 57.75 x
68.25 68.25 x
78.75 78.75 x
88.25 88.25
27. Lamina incision
Entire Undulate
Crenate Divided
104 Table 1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium
Characters 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9
28. Lamina base Cuneate
Subcordate Cordate
29. Lamina apex Acuminate Attenuate
Caudate 30. Number of lateral
pinnae Absent
less than 5 pair 5-10 pairs 11-16 pairs 17-22 pairs
23 – 28 29 or more
31. Position of most lateral pinnae to the
rachise Absent
Patent Ascending
32. Deflection of
lowest pinnae Absent
Not deflexed Quite
distinctly deflexed
33. Reduction of lowest pinnae
not reduced slightly reduced
much reduced
34. Stalk existence of lower lateral pinnae
Absent
Sessile Adnate
Stalked 35. Stalk existence of
lower lateral pinnae
Absent
Sessile Adnate Stalked
36. Shape of l
ateral pinnae
Absent Oblong
Oblong lanceolate
Elliptical Liniery
triangular Oblong
subtringular Lanceolate Ovate
37. Length of the largest lateral pinnae mm
8 x12.75
12.75 x20.25 20.25 x29.1
29.1 x36.90
36.90 x 43.1
43.1 x 50.9
50.9 x 57.1
57.1 x 64.9
64.9 x 38. Width of the largest
lateral pinnae cm 2.75
2.75 x 6.25 6.25 x 10.25
10.25 x 14.75
14.75 x 18.25
18.25 x 22.75
22.75 x 26.25
26.25 x 30.75
30.75 x 34.25
34.25
39. Upper base of lower lateral pinnae
Absent Truncate
Subtruncate Cuneate
40. Lower base of lower lateral pinnae
Absent Truncate Subtruncate Cuneate
Subcordate Cordate Rounded Auricled
105
Table 1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium Characters
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 41. Margin of lower
lateral pinnae Absent Entire
Subentire Undulate Crenulate Crenate Serrate Toothed Lobed or
divided 42. Margin of upper
lateral pinnae Absent Entire
Serrate Toothed Slightly crenate
Lobed 43. Incision of lateral
pinnae
Absent Less than ¼
way to costa 14 – ½ way
to costa 23 - ¾ way
to costa 45 – 56
way to costa 67 way to
costa– to within 1
mm of costa
divided
44. Apex of lateral pinnae
Absent Rounded Acute Acuminate Caudate
Attenuate 45.
Pinnulae number Absent
less than
10 pairs
10 -20 pairs more than 20 pairs
46. The existence of stalk on lower
pinnuae Absent
Shortly stalked
Subsessile Sessile 47. The existence of
stalk on upper pinnulae
Absent Shortly
stalked Subsessile Sessile
48. Pinnulae shape Absent Lineary
Oblong Oblong subtriangular
Oblong lanceolate
Oblong elliptical
Oblong subdeltoid
Hastate 49. Length of largest
pinnule cm
2.25 2.25 x
3.50 3.50
x 5.75 5.75
x 7.75
7.75 x
9.75 9.75 x
11.75 11.75 x
12.25 12.25 x
15.75 15.75 x
17.25 17.25
50. Width of largest pinnule cm
0.7 0.7 x 1.3
1.3 x 1.7
1.7 x2.4 2.4 x
3.0 3.0 x
3.7 3.7 x
4.1 4.1 x
4.5 4.5 x 4.9 4.9
51. Pinnule
base Absent
Truncate Subtruncate
Broadly cuneate
Subcordate 52.
Pinnule margin Absent
Entire Serrate Crenulate Lobed
106 Table 1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium.
Characters 1
2 3
4 5
6 7 8 9
53. Pinnule
incision Absent less
than ¼
way to costa 14 – ½ way
to costa 23 - ¾ way
to costa 45 – 56
way to costa 67 way to
costa– to within 1
mm of costa divided = 7
forming segments
54. Pinnule apex Absent
rounded acute acuminate attenuate
55. Shape balance of pinnulae or
segment lobes Absent not
oblique slightly oblique
56. The width of lobes
Absent less
than 5
mm wide 5 mm or more
wide 57. Form of lobes
apice Absent Truncate Obtuse
Rounded Acute 58. Margine of
lobes Absent Entire
Subentire Slightly serrate
Serrate Slightly toodhed
Crenate Lobed 59. Form of
terminal pinnae Absent
Similar to
lateral ones Deltoid with
lobes at base Without
distinct terminal
pinna
60. Texture of lamina or pinnae or
pinnulae Herbaceous Subherbaceous Subcoriaceous Coriaceous Shoftly
chartaceous Chartaceous Papyraceous
61. Surface depression
Surface not depressed
below sori Surface
depressed below sori
62. Rachis glabrous minutely
hairy minutely scaly
densely hairy densely scales
107
Table 1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium. Characters
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 63. Rachise
viviparous or not Not
gemmiferous Gemmiferous
64. Costae Glabrous Tomentose
hairy Sparsely
minute scales
Densely scales
65. Vein reticulation type
Free Anastomousing
66. Vein branching type
Pinnate Forked 67. Veinlet number on
pinnated vein less than 4
pairs 4-
6 pairs
7 pairs
or more
68. Veinlet branching on pinnated veins
Simple Forked
1 –
3 times
Forked more than
3 times 69. Vein uniting with
the opposite ones forming excurrent
veinlets or not uniting with
opposite ones
not uniting with opposite
ones
70. Vein forking type Forked 1-2
times Forked more
then 2 times
108 Table 1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium
Characters 1
2 3
4 5
6 7 8 9 71. Vein part of
anastomousing occasionally
anastomousing near margim but
never copiously
anastomousing anastomousing
¼ from the margin
anastomousing 13 from the
margin anastomousing
12 from the margin
anastomousing 23 from the
margin anastomousing
more than 434
from the margin
72.
Veins in small groups at an
angle about .... to the midrib or costa
about 45º about 50º
about 60ºor more
73. Sori position near basal of
veins middle of
veins or from near
basal of veins or veinlet
almost to reach margin
74. Sori covering on the veins or
veinlets Less than 13 of
veinlets length 13 of vein or
veinlet length 12 of vein or
veinlet length 23 – ¾
Nearly the whole length
of veinlets 75. sori existence
on veinlets On part of
veinlets On all veinlets
76. Sori number on each vein group
1 2-4
5 or more 77. Sori on basal
acroscopic vein sometimes
diplazioid usually
diplazioid always
diplazioid 78.
Indusia form reniformhooked crescentic
linear 79.
Indusia Width
Narrow Broad
109 Table 1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium.
Characters 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9
80. Indusia appearance Hardly evident in
mature sori
Evident in matrure sori
81. Indusia opening opening
before mature
opening when
mature 82.
Indusia curling
Not rolled
back when old
Rolled back when old
83. Indusia
colour pale
brown brown dark
brown
84. Colour continuity of indusia
Concolour Attachments side darker
85. Indusia margin entire
when opening
subentire toothed or
fringed or lacerate or
crisped 86. Indusia existence
Not persistent
Persistent 87. Indusia
strengtheness Fragile
Robust
88. Spines at the junction of costules
Absent Present
110
6.5. Results and Discussion