Character Examination of Diplazium Phylogenetic Analysis

100 Indusia may be entire or not. It would be one of the important characters in species determination. Most of Diplazium have entire indusia. Generally, entire indusia are seen in species with simple to pinnate fronds, such as D. suberratum, D bantamense, D. cordifolium, D. lobbianum, D. pallidum, D. riparium, D. silvaticum, and D. wahauense . Whereas non entire indusia toothed or fringed or lacerate are found in species with bipinnate fronds, such as D. atrosquamosum, D. beamanii, D. betimusense, D. esculentum, D. Kunstlerii, D. laevipes, and D. meijerii. 6.4. Materials and Methods 6.4.1. Taxon Sampling All species of Diplazium described in the Chapter 9 69 species were included in this study Table 6.1.. Athyrium anisopterum was chosen as outgroup. The description of A. anisopterum taken from Holttum 1966. Athyrium was chosen as an outgroup because this genus was considered as the closest relatives of the ingroup See Kato 1977.

6.4.2. Character Examination of Diplazium

Morphological characters used in this investigation were obtained mainly from the observations of dried specimens. All characters used by Holttum 1940, 1966, Kato 1995 and Tagawa Iwatsuki 1988 were assessed. Table 6.1. showed characters, character states, and coding for 88 character utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium. A list of taxa studied and the scores for characters states are provided in Appendix 1. The morphological datasets matrix was constructed by scoring character states of the characters chosen from the species descriptions Chapter 10. All qualitative characters were coded as binary and multistate. When characters states could not be defined due to incomplete specimens examined, it was noted as ‘?’. Missing character states were marked as ‘-‘. Quantitative characters are coded by using gap-weigting method Thiele 1993. The steps are as follows: 1 The raw data are initially ranked as an 101 ordered set of states, arranged according to the values of the means; 2 The data are then range standardized: x s = x- min max – min n where, x = the raw datum, x s = the standardized datum, n = the maximum number ordered states allowed by the cladistic computer program, in this study n = 9; 3 The value is coded as the rounded integer of the standardized values; 4 The characters are treated as an ordered multistate for analysis.

6.4.3. Phylogenetic Analysis

The data matrix was run using PAUP Version 4.0 beta Swofford, 1998. Due to the complexity of the dataset, Heuristic searching was employed. All characters are of type unordered and have equal weight. Gaps are treated as missing”. Multistate taxa interpreted as uncertainty. Starting trees obtained via stepwise addition. Number of trees held at each step during stepwise addition = 1. Branch-swapping algorithm used tree-bisection-reconnection TBR. Initial MaxTrees setting = 100. The number of rearrangements tried were unlimited. 102 Table 6.1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium. Characters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. Rhizome Length Short Long 2.Rhizome habit Erect Suberect Creeping 3.Rhizome appearance Slender Medium Stout 4. Occurrence of scales on stipes Sparsely at base Sparsely throughout its length Densely at base Densely at base to middle Densely throughout its length 5. Attachment side of scales Subbasal Basal 6. Scales shape Linear Oblong subtriangular Lanceolate Narrowly triangular Subulate Oblong ovate Ovate Rounded 7. Scales Length mm 2.50 2.50 x5.75 5.75 x7.5 7.5 x 9.75 9.75 x11.75 11.75 x13.75 13.75 x16.75 16.75 x18.75 8.75 x20.75 75 x 8. Scales Width mm 0.6 0.6 x 1.25 1.25 x 2.00 2.00 x 2.75 2.75 x3.30 3.3 x3.75 3.75 x 4.75 4.75 x 5.75 5.75 x 6 6 9. Scales colour Yellowish Light brown Pale brown Brown Dark brown Black 10. Scales thickeness Thin Thick 11. Existence of teeth at scales margin entire bluntly toohed sharply toodhed 12. Type of teeth on scale marginal teeth simple not forked teeth forked 13. Scales existence of margin glands Without glandulars cells With glandulars cell 103 Table 1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium. Characters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 14. Scales margin thickness Without thickening black strands With thickening black strands 15. Stipe appearance Slender Medium Stout 16. Stipe length, mm 12.25 12.25 x 28.25 28.25 x 36.75 36.75 x 50.75 50.75 x 64.75 64.75 x 78.25 78.25 x 92.75 92.75 x 106.25 106.25 x 120.75 120.75 17. Stipe thickness near base, mm 1.25 1.25 x 2.75 2.75 x 4 x 5.25 5.25 x 6.75 6.75 x 7.75 7.75 x 8.75 8.75 x 10.25 10.25 x 11.75 11.75 18. Stipe surface Smooth Protuberance Prickly 19. Hair existence on stipe Glabrous Glabrescent Tomentose 20. Existence of scales on upper part of stipe Glabrescent Scales 21. Existence of scales on stipe base Glabrescent Sparsely scales Densely scales 22. Stramineous dark stramineous pale olivaceous yellowish pale brown dark brown .black 23. Lamina division Simple Pinnatifid Imparipinnate Pinnate Bipinnatifid Bipinnate Tripinnatified Tripinnate 24. Lamina shape Oblong Oblong lanceolate Oblong subtriangular Oblong ovate Oblong subdeltoid Oblong ovoid Elliptic Lanceolate Ovate subdeltoid Deltoid 25. Lamina length cm 13.50 13.50 x 30.75 30.75 x 47.25 47.25 x 62.75 62.75 x 77.25 77.25 x 94.75 94.74 x 111.25 111.25 x 128.75 128.75 x 145.25 145.25 26. Lamina width cm 10.75 10.75 x 17.25 17.25 x 27.75 27.75 x 38.25 38.25 x 49.75 49.75 x 57.75 57.75 x 68.25 68.25 x 78.75 78.75 x 88.25 88.25 27. Lamina incision Entire Undulate Crenate Divided 104 Table 1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium Characters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 28. Lamina base Cuneate Subcordate Cordate 29. Lamina apex Acuminate Attenuate Caudate 30. Number of lateral pinnae Absent less than 5 pair 5-10 pairs 11-16 pairs 17-22 pairs 23 – 28 29 or more 31. Position of most lateral pinnae to the rachise Absent Patent Ascending 32. Deflection of lowest pinnae Absent Not deflexed Quite distinctly deflexed 33. Reduction of lowest pinnae not reduced slightly reduced much reduced 34. Stalk existence of lower lateral pinnae Absent Sessile Adnate Stalked 35. Stalk existence of lower lateral pinnae Absent Sessile Adnate Stalked 36. Shape of l ateral pinnae Absent Oblong Oblong lanceolate Elliptical Liniery triangular Oblong subtringular Lanceolate Ovate 37. Length of the largest lateral pinnae mm 8 x12.75 12.75 x20.25 20.25 x29.1 29.1 x36.90 36.90 x 43.1 43.1 x 50.9 50.9 x 57.1 57.1 x 64.9 64.9 x 38. Width of the largest lateral pinnae cm 2.75 2.75 x 6.25 6.25 x 10.25 10.25 x 14.75 14.75 x 18.25 18.25 x 22.75 22.75 x 26.25 26.25 x 30.75 30.75 x 34.25 34.25 39. Upper base of lower lateral pinnae Absent Truncate Subtruncate Cuneate 40. Lower base of lower lateral pinnae Absent Truncate Subtruncate Cuneate Subcordate Cordate Rounded Auricled 105 Table 1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium Characters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 41. Margin of lower lateral pinnae Absent Entire Subentire Undulate Crenulate Crenate Serrate Toothed Lobed or divided 42. Margin of upper lateral pinnae Absent Entire Serrate Toothed Slightly crenate Lobed 43. Incision of lateral pinnae Absent Less than ¼ way to costa 14 – ½ way to costa 23 - ¾ way to costa 45 – 56 way to costa 67 way to costa– to within 1 mm of costa divided 44. Apex of lateral pinnae Absent Rounded Acute Acuminate Caudate Attenuate 45. Pinnulae number Absent less than 10 pairs 10 -20 pairs more than 20 pairs 46. The existence of stalk on lower pinnuae Absent Shortly stalked Subsessile Sessile 47. The existence of stalk on upper pinnulae Absent Shortly stalked Subsessile Sessile 48. Pinnulae shape Absent Lineary Oblong Oblong subtriangular Oblong lanceolate Oblong elliptical Oblong subdeltoid Hastate 49. Length of largest pinnule cm 2.25 2.25 x 3.50 3.50 x 5.75 5.75 x 7.75 7.75 x 9.75 9.75 x 11.75 11.75 x 12.25 12.25 x 15.75 15.75 x 17.25 17.25 50. Width of largest pinnule cm 0.7 0.7 x 1.3 1.3 x 1.7 1.7 x2.4 2.4 x 3.0 3.0 x 3.7 3.7 x 4.1 4.1 x 4.5 4.5 x 4.9 4.9 51. Pinnule base Absent Truncate Subtruncate Broadly cuneate Subcordate 52. Pinnule margin Absent Entire Serrate Crenulate Lobed 106 Table 1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium. Characters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 53. Pinnule incision Absent less than ¼ way to costa 14 – ½ way to costa 23 - ¾ way to costa 45 – 56 way to costa 67 way to costa– to within 1 mm of costa divided = 7 forming segments 54. Pinnule apex Absent rounded acute acuminate attenuate 55. Shape balance of pinnulae or segment lobes Absent not oblique slightly oblique 56. The width of lobes Absent less than 5 mm wide 5 mm or more wide 57. Form of lobes apice Absent Truncate Obtuse Rounded Acute 58. Margine of lobes Absent Entire Subentire Slightly serrate Serrate Slightly toodhed Crenate Lobed 59. Form of terminal pinnae Absent Similar to lateral ones Deltoid with lobes at base Without distinct terminal pinna 60. Texture of lamina or pinnae or pinnulae Herbaceous Subherbaceous Subcoriaceous Coriaceous Shoftly chartaceous Chartaceous Papyraceous 61. Surface depression Surface not depressed below sori Surface depressed below sori 62. Rachis glabrous minutely hairy minutely scaly densely hairy densely scales 107 Table 1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium. Characters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 63. Rachise viviparous or not Not gemmiferous Gemmiferous 64. Costae Glabrous Tomentose hairy Sparsely minute scales Densely scales 65. Vein reticulation type Free Anastomousing 66. Vein branching type Pinnate Forked 67. Veinlet number on pinnated vein less than 4 pairs 4- 6 pairs 7 pairs or more 68. Veinlet branching on pinnated veins Simple Forked 1 – 3 times Forked more than 3 times 69. Vein uniting with the opposite ones forming excurrent veinlets or not uniting with opposite ones not uniting with opposite ones 70. Vein forking type Forked 1-2 times Forked more then 2 times 108 Table 1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium Characters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 71. Vein part of anastomousing occasionally anastomousing near margim but never copiously anastomousing anastomousing ¼ from the margin anastomousing 13 from the margin anastomousing 12 from the margin anastomousing 23 from the margin anastomousing more than 434 from the margin 72. Veins in small groups at an angle about .... to the midrib or costa about 45º about 50º about 60ºor more 73. Sori position near basal of veins middle of veins or from near basal of veins or veinlet almost to reach margin 74. Sori covering on the veins or veinlets Less than 13 of veinlets length 13 of vein or veinlet length 12 of vein or veinlet length 23 – ¾ Nearly the whole length of veinlets 75. sori existence on veinlets On part of veinlets On all veinlets 76. Sori number on each vein group 1 2-4 5 or more 77. Sori on basal acroscopic vein sometimes diplazioid usually diplazioid always diplazioid 78. Indusia form reniformhooked crescentic linear 79. Indusia Width Narrow Broad 109 Table 1. Characters, character states, and coding for 88 characters utilized in construction of morphological dataset of Diplazium. Characters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 80. Indusia appearance Hardly evident in mature sori Evident in matrure sori 81. Indusia opening opening before mature opening when mature 82. Indusia curling Not rolled back when old Rolled back when old 83. Indusia colour pale brown brown dark brown 84. Colour continuity of indusia Concolour Attachments side darker 85. Indusia margin entire when opening subentire toothed or fringed or lacerate or crisped 86. Indusia existence Not persistent Persistent 87. Indusia strengtheness Fragile Robust 88. Spines at the junction of costules Absent Present 110

6.5. Results and Discussion