26
3.3.1. Very Wide Distribution Species
A conception of very wide species adopted here is referred for species that is distributed at least two region or more of regional division following those
adopted by Paris 2003. Of the sixty nine species of Diplazium from West Malesia, 19 of them distribute very wide Table 3.1., in the New World. They
are D. accedens, D. bantamense, D. cordifolium, D. crenatoserratum, D. dilatatum, D. donianum, D. esculentum, D. fuliginosum, D. malaccense, D.
pallidum, D. polypodioides, D. prescottianum, D. riparium, D. silvaticum, D. simplicivenium, D. sorzogonense, D. subserratum, D. tomentosum
and D. xiphophyllum
. Three species of them are distributing across four main region Africa, Asia, Malesia, Pacific, viz. D. accedens, D. dilatatum, and D.
esculentum .
Some species that widely distributed are varying in morphology and genetic see Chapter 2 and 9. Therefore some varieties are found in these
species. Kato 1995 recorded 2 varieties in D. donianum and D. dilatatum. In this study see Chapter 9, D. accedens, and D. cordifolium are rezognized to
have three varieties. Meanwhile in D. pallidum and D. silvaticum are recorded two varieties.
The very wide species in general are also showing the long distance gradient distribution. They are commonly growing in lowlands or medium
altitude of mountain forest. For example, D. accedens, D. polypodioides, and D. pallidum
are found at 80-1400 m, 200-1900 m, and 600-1500 m, respectively See Chapter 2.
3.3.2. Malesian Species
Malesian species denote for species that having wide distribution range in Malesia region only. These species may be only found in West Malesia or
distributed throughout Malesia. Most of species are distributed widely in Malesian region. Some species, such as D. aequibasale, D. angustipinna, D.
kunstlerii, D. latisquamatum, D. procumbens, D. subintegrum and D.
subpolypodioides are only found in West Malesia.
27
3.3.3. Endemic Species to Island in West Malesia
Endemic species concept adopted here refer to a species that restricted to a particular local or island. List of endemic species of Diplazium are showed in
Table 3.3 Endemic species criteria was determined by inspection of distribution maps cited from literatures. The total number of local endemic species of West
Malesian species recorded in this study are 23 species. This number are high enough. Tryon 1970, Smith 1972 and Wagner 1972 have discussed the high
proportion of pteridophytes on oceanic islands. Smith 1972 compiled data from several islands and showed that ferns have much lower of endemism than
angiosperm at both the genus and species levels. On Hawaii, about 16 of angiosperms genera are endemic vs. 6.7 of pteridopnytes genera. Ranker et al
1994 give interpretation for this fact in two fold: first, ferns are more capable of long-distance dispersal and establishment, second, continued gene flow from
mainland sources may slow speciation rates for ferns, thereby constraining the evolution of endemic taxa.
Most of endemic species are found mountain forest at 900-1600 m above sea level. It is evidence that the lower and intermediate elevation of mountain
forest is also the center of endemism areas. Some endemic species have a relative strict distribution based on
elevation. D. betimusense was found at 300-400 m. D. atrosquamsosum and D. lobbianum
were only found at 1500-2100 and 1600-1800 m, respectively. One species that has longer distant gradient distribution is D. tricholepis, 100-2100 m.
Some endemic species are found in certain habitats. D. wahauense only grows at the reophytic areas of Borneo. D. albidosquamatum and D. crinitum
grow in shady places of limestone area. D. betimusense and D. squarrosum were found growing at shady forest near streams.
This endemic statements, however, can change in accordance with the science advances. The new exploration and the change of the taxon delimitation
would give new data for a taxon. Consequently taxa that in the past stated as endemic species would be non endemic species. For example, D. atrosquamoum,
D. barbatum, D. laevipes, and D. vestitum are not endemic to Mount Kinabalu
now Parris et al 1992.
28 Table 3.1. Distribution of West Malesian Diplazium Inside and Outside Malesia
No. Species Inside Malesia
P M
B S Pa J B Ph C M L
S I I
J PNG Outside
Malesia Literatures Geographical
Distribution Range
1. D. accedens
Blume V V V V V V V V
V V V V North- eastern
Queensland; Africa,
islands of Indian
Ocean, Somoa,
Thailand. Present Study
Andrews 1990
Holttum 1940 Tagawa
Iwatsuki 1988
Kato 1992 Mitsuta 1985
Very wide
2. D. acuminatum
Blume V
Present study Endemic
3. D. aequibasale
Baker C.Chr.
V V V V
Present study Iwatsuki
Kato 1984 Malesia
4. D. albidosquamatum
Alderw. V
Present study Endemic
5. D. angustipinna
Holtt. Holtt.
Present study Holttum 1966
Malesian 6.
D. asymmetricum Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
V Present study
Endemic 7.
D. atrosquamosum Copel.
C.Chr. Holtt. V
Present study Endemic
Note: PM = Peninsular Malaysia, B = Borneo, S = Sumatra, Pa = Palawan, J = Java, B = Bali, Ph = Philippines, C = Celebes, M = Moluccas, LSI = Lesser Sunda Islands, IJ = Irian Jaya, PNG = Papua New Guinea.
29 Table 3.1. Continued
No. Species Inside Malesia
P M
B S Pa J B Ph C M L
S I I
J PNG Outside
Malesia Literatures Geographical
Distribution Range
8. D. bantamense
Blume V V V V V
V Thailand Present
study Holttum 1940
Iwatsuki Kato 1984
Tagawa Iwatsuki
1988 Mitsuta 1985
Very wide
9. D. barbatum
C.Chr. in C.Chr. Holtt.
V Present
study Endemic 10.
D. batuayauense Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
V Present
study Endemic 11.
D. beamanii M.G. Price
V Endemic
12. D.betimusense
Alderw. V
Present study Endemic
13. D. christii
C. Chr. V
Present study Endemic
14. D. cordifolium
Blume V V V V V V V V V V V India
to Solomon
Island, Thailand
Present study Holttum 1940
Tagawa 1972 Tagawa
Iwatsuki 1988
Kato 1992 Mitsuta 1985
Very wide
30 Table 3.1. Continued
No. Species Inside Malesia
P M
B S Pa J B Ph C M L
S I I
J PNG Outside
Malesia Literatures Geographical
Distribution Range
15. D. crameri
Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
V Present
study Endemic 16.
D. crenatoserratum Blume
Moore V V V V V
Thailand Present study
Holttum 1940 Tagawa 1972
Tagawa Iwatsuki 1988
Kato 1992 Mitsuta 1985
Very wide
17. D. crinitum
Baker C..Chr.
V Present
study Tagawa 1972
Iwatsuki Kato 1984
Endemic
18. D. cumingii
Presl C.Chr. V
V Present
study Tagawa 1972
Iwatsuki Kato 1984
Malesia
19. D.densisquamatum
Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov. V
Present study Endemic
31 Table 3.1. Continued
No. Species Inside Malesia
P M
B S Pa J B Ph C M L
S I I
J PNG Outside
Malesia Literatures Geographical
Distribution Range
20. D. dilatatum
Blume V V V
V V V
V V V V Thailand, India,
Burma, S. China,
Taiwan, Ryuku, S.
Japan, Indochina,
N. Australia.
Present study Holttum 1940
Tagawa Iwatsuki
1988 Very wide
21. D. dolichosorum
Copel. V
V Present
study Malesia 22.
D. donianum Mett.
Tardieu V V V Japan,
Taiwan, S. China,
Indochina, Thailand
and India Present study
Tagawa Iwatsuki
1988 Malesia
23. D. esculentum
Retz. Swartz
V V V V V V V V V V V V Tropic of
Asia to Oceania
Present study Holttum 1940
Tagawa 1972 Tagawa
Iwatsuki 1988
Kato 1992 Very wide
24. D. fraxinifolium
Presl V
V V V Present
study Malesia
32 Table 3.1. Continued
No. Species Inside Malesia
P M
B S Pa J B Ph C M L
S I I
J PNG Outside
Malesia Literatures
Geographical Distribution
Range 25.
D. fuliginosum Hook. M.G.
Price V V V Bismarck
Arch. New Ireland
Present study
Malesia 26.
D. halimunense Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
V Present
study Endemic 27.
D. hewittii Copel.
C.Chr V
Present study
Iwatsuki Kato 1984
Endemic 28.
D. hottae Tagawa
V V
Present study
Tagawa 1972 Iwatsuki Kato
1984 Malesia
29. D. insigne
Holtt. V
Present study
Holttum 1966 Endemic
30. D. kunstlerii
Holtt. V V V
Present study
Holttum 1966 Mitsuta 1985
Malesia 31.
D. laevipes C.Chr. in C.Chr.
Holtt. V
Present study
Iwatsuki Kato 1984
Endemic 32.
D. latisquamatum Holtt.
V V V
Present study
Holttum 1966 Malesia
33. D. lobbianum
Moore V
V V V Present study
Van Alderweld van Rosenburgh
1908 Malesia
33 Table 3.1. Continued
No. Species Inside Malesia
PM B S Pa J B Ph C M L
S I I
J PNG Outside
Malesia Literatures Geographical
Distribution Range
34. D. lomariaceum
Christ. Price
V V V
V V
V Present study
Iwatsuki Kato 1984
Kato 1992 Malesia
35. D. loerzingii
Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
V V
Present study Malesia
36. D. malaccense
Presl. V V V
V Thailand, Indochina
Present study Holttum 1940
Tagawa Iwatsuki
1988 Mitsuta 1985
Malesia
35. D. loerzingii
Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
V V
Present study Malesia
36. D. malaccense
Presl. V V V
V Thailand, Indochina
Present study Holttum 1940
Tagawa Iwatsuki
1988 Mitsuta 1985
Malesia
37. D.megasegmentum
Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov. V
Present study Endemic
38. D.megasimplicifolium
Praptosuwiryo, sp. vov. V
Present study Endemic
39. Diplazium meijerii
Praptosuwiryo V
Present study Endemic
34 Table 3.1. Continued
No. Species Inside Malesia
PM B S Pa J B Ph C M L S
I I J PNG
Outside Malesia
Literatures Geographical
Distribution Range
40. D. melanolepis
Alderw. V
Present study Endemic
41. D. moultonii
Copel. Tagawa
V Present
study Tagawa 1972
Endemic 42.
D. pallidum Blume
Moore V V V V
Queensland Present
study Holttum 1966
Kato 1992 Mitsuta 1985
Very wide
43. D. parallelivenium
Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov. V
Present study Endemic
44. D. petiolare C. Presl. V
Present study Endemic
45. D. poiense
C. Chr. in C.Chr. Holtt.
V Present
study Iwatsuki Kato
1984 Endemic
46. D. polypodioides
Blume V V V V V V V V V V V V Thailand,
Sri Langka, S. India,
Himalaya, Indochina,
Taiwan. Present study
Holttum 1940 Tagawa
Iwatsuki 1988 Mitsuta 1985
Very wide
47. D. porphyrorachis
Baker Diels
V Present
study Tagawa 1972
Endemic 48.
D. prescottianum Wall.
Moore V Thailand
Present study
Holttum 1940 Tagawa
Iwatsuki 1988 Endemic
35 Table 3.1. Continued
No. Species Inside Malesia
PM B S Pa J B Ph C M L S
I I J PNG
Outside Malesia
Literatures Geographical
Distribution Range
49. D. procumbens
Holtt. V
V V
Present study Holttum 1940
Malesia 50
D. profluens Praptosuwiryo, sp.
nov. V
Present study Endemic
51. D. riparium
Holtt. V V V V V
V Thailand Present
study Holttum 1940
Tagawa 1972 Tagawa
Iwatsuki 1988 Kato 1992
Malesia
52. D. silvaticum
Bory Swartz
V V V V V Thailand;
Mauritus, India,
Burma Present study
Holttum 1940 Iwatsuki Kato
1984 Tagawa
Iwatsuki 1988 Malesia
36 Table 3.1. Continued
No. Species Inside Malesia
PM B S Pa J B Ph C M L S
I I J PNG
Outside Malesia
Literatures Geographical
Distribution Range
53. D. simplicivenium
Holtt. V V
Thailand Present study
Holttum 1940 Tagawa
Iwatsuki 1988 Malesia
54. D. sorzogonense
C. Presl. V V V
V Thailand,
Vietnam, Indo-China
Present study Holttum 1940
Iwatsuki Kato 1984
Tagawa Iwatsuki 1988
Kato 1992 Mitsuta 1985
Malesia
55. D. speciosum
Blume V
V V
V V
Present study
Holttum 1940 Tagawa 1972
Iwatsuki Kato 1984
Mitsuta 1985 Malesia
56. D. spiniferum
Alderw. V
Present study
Tagawa 1972 Endemic
57. D. squarrasum
K. Iwats. M Kato
V Present
study Iwatsuki Kato
1984 Endemic
37 Table 3.1. Continued
No. Species Inside Malesia
PM B S Pa J B Ph C M L S
I I J PNG
Outside Malesia
Literatures Geographical
Distribution Range
58. D. subintegrum
Holtt. V V
Thailand Present study
Holttum 1940 Tagawa
Iwatsuki 1988 Malesia
50. D.subalternisegmentum
Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov. V
Present study
Endemic 60.
D. subpolypodioides Alderw.
V V Present study
Malesia 61.
D. subserratum Blume
Moore V V V Thailand Present
study Holttum 1940
Tagawa Iwatsuki 1988
Mitsuta 1985 Malesia
62. D. subvirescens
Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
V Present
study Endemic
63. D. tomentosum
Blume V V V V
V Thailand,
Burma, Vietnam
Present study Holttum 1940
Tagawa 1972 Tagawa
Iwatsuki 1988 Kato 1992
Mitsuta 1985 Very wide
64. D. tricholepis
C. Chr. V
Present study Tagawa 1972
Iwatsuki Kato 1984
Endemic
38 Table 3.1. Continued
No. Species Inside Malesia
PM B S Pa J B Ph C M L S
I I J PNG
Outside Malesia
Literatures Geographical
Distribution Range
65. D. umbrosum
Smith Beddome
V Present
study Endemic 66.
D. velutinum Holtt.
V Present
study Holttum 1940
Endemic 67.
D. vestitum C. Presl.
V V V
Present study
Kato 1992 Malesia
68. D. wahauense
Kato, Darnaedi et K. Iwatsuki
V Present
study Endemic 69.
D. xiphophyllum Baker C.
Chr. V V V V V
Thailand Present Study
Holttum 1940 Tagawa 1972
Tagawa Iwatsuki 1988
Kato 1992 Very wide
39 Table 3.2. Endemic Species of Diplazium in West Malesia
No. Species Locality
1. D. albidosquamatum
Sumatra: Bengkulu Lebong Tandai 2.
D. asymmetricum Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
Java: Mt. Gede, Mt. Halimun West Java 3.
D. atrosquamosum Borneo: Mt Kinabalu, Tenompok-Humu-humu, South
of Panataran River. 4.
D. barbatum Borneo: Mt. Kinabalu North Borneo, Mt. Besar
South Kalimantan 5.
D. batuayauense Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
Borneo: Batu Ayau Muller Range 6.
D. beamanii Borneo: Mt. Kinabalu
7. D. betimusense
Sumatra: Betimus River Sibolangit 8.
D. christii Malay Peninsula: G. Muntahak, Johore
9. D. crameri
, Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
Sumatra: Kenali Sukaraja 10.
D. crinitum Borneo: G. Njapa and Long Keluh, Berau Central
Kalimantan 11.
D. densisquamatum Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
Sumatra: Bukit Tapan Jambi 12.
D. halimunense Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
Java: Mt. Halimun West Java 13.
D.megasegmentum Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
Java: Mt. Salak West Java 14.
D.megasimplicifolium Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
Borneo: Bukit Raya 15.
D. meijerii Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
Sumatra: Mt. Sago Payakumbuh 16.
D. melanolepis Sumatra: G. Singgalang
17. D. parallelivenium
Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov. Java: Mt. Halimun West Java
18. D. profluens
Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov. Java: Mt. Halimun West Java
19. D. squarrosum
Borneo: Mt. Besar South Kalimantan 20.
D. subalternisegmentum Praptosuwiryo, sp.nov.
Mount Kinabalu, Borneo 21.
D. subvirescens Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov.
Java: Mt. Gede and Mt. Halimun West Java 22.
D. tricholepis Mount Kinabalu, Borneo
23. D. velutinum
Malay Peninsula: Cameron Highlands 24.
D. wahauense Borneo: Along Jenta River, Miau Baru, north of
Muara Wahau Central-East Kalimantan, Belatung River, Muller Range Central Kalimantan
40 Table 3.3. Species diversity and endemism of Diplazium in four mainlands of
West Malesia
Island Account of Species Number
Endemics Found Java
30 6
Sumatra 29
6 Malay Peninsula
28 2
Borneo 40
9
3.4. Conclusions
Kategori