Chromosome Number Variations and Mode Reproduction Types on Diplazium

50

5.3. Results and Discussion

Somatic chromosome account and mode reproductive type of Diplazium from West Malesia included 33 species and 117 collections number collected from 54 localities are reported Table 5.1.. All species examined revealed basic chromosome number x = 41. These are consistent with those reported by many recently researchers on cytology of Diplazium, such as Ohta Takamiya 1999 and Takamiya et al. 1999, 2000, 2001. The 33 species of Diplazium successfully examined its chromosomes number and mode reproduction type are discussed as follow.

5.3.1. Chromosome Number Variations and Mode Reproduction Types on Diplazium

Diplazium accedens Blume. Eight individuals of D. accedens revealed 2n = 82 diploid, three individuals from East Kalimantan and five individuals from five localities in East Java and West Java.. Somatic chromosomes number of D. accedens from Kalimantan is firstly report in this study. Eighteen individuals of plant from four localities in East Java and West Java reported by Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi 1994 and 2004 also showed diploid level. Total of 23 plants are consistently diploid sexual. Manton 1954 in Malaya also reported diploid level only. Since we understand that ploidy is derived from the diploid one, we presumed that D. eccedens is a good species or probably native to Java. Diplazium aequibasale Baker C.Chr. Only one individual of D. aequibasale succeded to be examined and showed tetraploid 2n=164. It is the first cytological report for this species. There is not a cytological observation reported yet except this study. Diplazium angustipinna Holttum. There are two levels ploidy found in D. angustipinna , viz. triploid 2n=123 and tetraploid 2n=164 from Borneo. The two cytotypes are the first cytological record for Bornean Diplazium, and the triploid one is also the first record for science. Manton 1954 reported only n = 82 for Malayan plant. However it is not recognized whether this plant is sexual tetraploid or apogamous diploid because its somatic chromosome number was not 51 reported. Two specimens types from two different ploidy levels, 2n=123 dan 2n=164, can not differentiated. Diplazium asymmetricum Prtaptosuwiryo, sp. nov. Four individuals TNgP 1094, TNgP 1334, and TNgP 1732 of this species has been observed cytologically and showed 2n = 123 triploid. The small frond of Diplazium asymmetricum is in a glance similar to those of D. procumbens. However D. asymmetricum can be differentiated from D. procumbens by the following characters combination: rhizome short, erect; lamina more incised up to tripinnate basiscopic pinnulae or segments and lobes are larger than the acroscopic ones acroscopic and basiscopic pinnuale or segments and lobes asymmetric; indusia thicker, margin entire. While D. procumbens has rhizome long creeping; acroscopic and basiscopic pinnulae and lobes almost symmetric; indusia thin and lacerate at margin. Diplazium bantamense Blume. Four individuals of D. bantamense collected from Cangkuang Forest, Mt. Salak, West Java, found to be tetraploid race. Two individuals are successfully examined their reproduction types. TNgP 1212 showed 32 spores per sporangium presumed as apogamous type and TNgP 1454 showed 64 spores per sporangium as sexual type. The others two plants have not been recognized their reproduction type. Most of individuals successfully examined were tetraploid sexual Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi, 1994. As pointed out by Kato 1992, at diploid gametophytes level, sexual species tetraploid in sporophyte are more abundant than apogamosporous ones. Kato 1992 also explained the hypothetical origins of tetraploid agamosporous type. Tetraploid agamosporous type may be derived from a crossing between diploid sexual species and triploid agamosporous. While, triploid agamosporous are derived from diploid and tetraploid sexual species, as a demonstrated by Dryopteris sparsa compelx Darnaedi et al 1989. Based on this analysis, it is presumed that in Java, diploid sexual and triploid apogamous of D. bantamense may exist in nature. However up to now the information concerning the existence of both diploid sexual and triploid apogamous are not exist. Further cytological survey of this species is urgently needed to confirm whether the diploid ancestral is still exist or not. 52 Table 5.1. Somatic Chromosomes numbers, Ploidy Level and Mode Reproduction Type of Diplazium from West Malesia Species Chromosomes Numbers 2n Ploidy Level Reproductive Type Voucher Specimens Locality D. accedens 82diploid 82diploid 82diploid 82diploid 82diploid 82diploid 82diploidseksual 82diploidseksual 83diploidseksual TNgP1001 TNgP1447 TNgP1786 TNgP1399 TNgP1649 TNgP1211 TR 53.1 TR 53.2 TR 53.3 Gede-Pangrango National Park G. Salak, West Java. Ca. 1500 s.l. G. Halimun, West Java. Ca. 950 m s.l. Cidaon-Cibunar, Ujung Kulon National Park, West Java. Gondang Forest, G. Wilis Utara, Kec. Kare, Kab. Madiun, East Java G.Salak, West Java East Kalimantan East Kalimantan East Kalimantan D. aequibasale 164tetraploid TNgP2026 Bank of Sungai Abang Ai, TNBD, Jambi D. angustipinna 123triploid ca.164tetraploid TNgP1904 TNgP1905b Kobet Forest, near S. Kobet, trek to Batu Ayau, Peg. Muller, KALTENG. 440 m. Kobet Forest, near S. Kobet, trek to Batu Ayau, Peg. Muller, KALTENG. 440 m. D. asymmetricum Praptosuwiryo 123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous TNgP 1094 T.Ng.P 1334 TNgP 1732 Petak 4 Desa Kemutuk Lor Wana Wisata Baturraden, G. Slamet, Central Java. 970- 1000 m. a.s.l. Cibodas Forest, behind Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Mt. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java. ca. 1450 m Track Cikaniki – Citalahap, Halimun National Park, West Java. Ca. 1000 m. D. bantamense 164tetraploidapoga- mous 164tetraploid 164tetraploidSexual 164tetraploid --Sexual --Sexual --Apogamous TNgP1212 TNgP1321 TNgP1454 TNgP1383 TNgP1516 TNgP1517 TNgP1707 Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope G. Slamet, Track to Sang Hyang Ropoh, Central Java. 1060 m s.l. G. Slamet, Track to Sang Hyang Ropoh, Central Java. 1060 m s.l. Cikaniki Forest, Halimun National park, West Java D. batuayauense Praptosuwiryo 164tetraploid- Ca. 205pentaploid- TNgP1927c TNgP1909 Above Sungai Talikot Puhung Kucan, Batu Ayau, Muller Range, Central Kalimnatan, Borneo. 450 m. Kobet Forest, near S. Kobet, track to Batu Ayau, Muller Range, Central Kalimantan, Borneo. 440 m s.l. 53 Table 5.1. Table continued Species Chromosomes Numbers 2n Ploidy LevelReproductiv e Type Voucher Specimens Locality D. cordifolium “pinnate fronds” “simple fronds” “pinnate fornds” “pinnate fronds” “pinnate fornds” “simple fronds” “simple frond” “pinnate fronds” “pinnate fronds” “pinnate fronds” “pinnate fronds” “pinnate fronds” “simple fronds” ‘pinnate frond’ “pinnate frond” “pinnate frond” “pinnate frond” “simple fronds” “simple fronds” “simple fronds” D. cordifolium ‘pinnate fronds’ D. cordifolium ‘simple fronds’ 164tetraploid Ca.246hexaploid Ca.205pentaploid 164tetraploid Ca.205pentaploid Ca.205pentaploid Ca.164tetraploid 164tetraploid ca205pentaploid --Sexual --Sexual --Sexual 164tetraploid 164tetraploid 164tetraploid ca.205pentaploid 164tetraploid 205pentaploid 164tetraploid 164tetraploid ca. 164tetraploid . 328octoploid TNgP1194 TNgP1201 TNgP1307 T NgP1375 TNgP1355 TNgP1204 TNgP1203 TNgP1442 TNgP1441 TNgP1456 TNgP1457 TNgP1460 TNgP1458 TNgP1735 TNgP1774 TNgP1808 TNgP1736 TNgP1813 TNgP2284 TNgP2281 TNgP1910 TNgP 1926b Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak-West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak-West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak-West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak-West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java. Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak-West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak-West Java, Southern Slope Curug Macan Trail, Cikaniki Forest, G. Halimun, West Java Owa Trail, Cikaniki Forest, G. Halimun, West Java Plot IIC6, Cikaniki Forest, G. Halimun, West Java. Ca. 950 m. Loop Trail, G. Halimun, West Java. Plot I, near Tea Plantation, Cikaniki Research Station, G. Halimun, West Java. Ca. 950 m. Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java. Near Sungai Anak Kobet, track to Batu Ayau, Batu Ayau. 440 m s.l. Near Sungai Anak Kobet, track to Batu Ayau, Mts. Muller, Desa Tumbang Topus, Kec. Tumbang Konyi, Kab. Murung Raya, Central Kalimantan. ca. 450 m. 54 Table 5.1. Table continued Species Chromosomes Numbers 2n Ploidy Level Reproductive Type Voucher Specimens Locality D. cordifolium ‘pinnate fronds’ 164tetraploid ... ca. 164tetraploid ... 164tetraploid TNgP2128 TNgP2129 TNgP2342b Track S. Sopan-Bukit Batikap, between Ponot Penanginan-Camp Lapangan Heliped II, ca.6 m sebelah Timur S. Joloi, near Tanjakan Nikki Ardilla, Mts. Muller, Central Kalimantan. 240 m Trek S. Sopan-Bukit Batikap, between Ponot Penanginan-Camp Lapangan Heliped II, ca.6 m the eastern of Sungai Joloi, near Tanjakan Nikki Ardilla, Peg.Muller, Central Kalimantan. 240 m Cikuda Paeh, G. Halimun, West Java D. crenatoseratum 164tetraploid 164 tetraploid 164 tetraploid 164tetraploid ca. 164 tetraploid ca. 123triploidapogami TNgP2067a TNgP2026a TNgP2026c TNgP2044 TNgP1971 TNgP2075 Bukit Pal, Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas, Jambi, Sumatra. ca. 70 m. Bank of Abang Ai, Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas, Jambi, Sumatra. 20 m. Bank of Abang Ai, Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas, Jambi, Sumatra. 20 m. Bukit Air Keruh, Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas, Jambi, Sumatra. 50 m. Air Terjun Tomoroh, S. Belatung, Peg. Muller, KALTENG. 150 m. Bukit Suban Punai Banyak, Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas, Jambi, Sumatra. Ca. 55m. D. dilatatum 123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous TNgP1073 TNgP1339 TNgP1343 TNgP1011b TNgP1025 TNgP1526 Petak 55, Desa Karang Mangu, Wana Wisata Baturraden, G. Slamet, Central Java G. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java G. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java G. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java G. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java G. Pangrango, 1925 m dpl, Gede-Pangrango National Park D. donianum 164tetraploid XIX.C.III.65 Bukit Ubar, Sumatra. Cultivated in Bogor Botanic Gardens. D. esculentum 82diploid- 82diploid- 82diploid- TNgP1291 TNgP1784 TNgP2094 Pasir Buntu, Geger Bentang G. Pangrango, West Java Cikuda Paeh Trail, Cikaniki Forest, G. Halimun Hutan Sungai Air Keruh, TNBD, Jambi D. profluens Praptosuwiryo 164tetraploid TNgP1798 Canopy Bridge Trail, Cikaniki Forest, G. Halimun D. halimunense Praptosuwiryo 123triploidapogami TNgP 2341b Cikuda Paeh, G. Halimun, West Java D. hewittii 123triploidapogami TNgP1913b Hutan Batu Ayau, Peg.Muller, KALTENG D. loerzingii 82diploid- 123triploidapogami TNgP 2339c TNgP 2339d Cikuda Paeh, G. Halimun, West Java Cikuda Paeh, G. Halimun, West Java D. megasegmentum Praptosuwiryo -- Apogamous -- Apogamous TNgP1451 TNgP1452 Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope 55 Table 5.1. Table continued Species Chromosomes Numbers 2n Ploidy Level Reproductive Type Voucher Specimens Locality D. petiolare 82diploid- 82diploid- TT993.2 TT993.3 Cagar Alam Rimbo Panti, Kec. Panti, Kab. Pasaman, West Sumatra. 240-900 m dpl. Cagar Alam Rimbo Panti, Kec. Panti, Kab. Pasaman, West Sumatra. 240-900 m dpl. D. pallidum 164tetraplioid 164tetraploid 164tetraploid 164tetraploid 82diploid 82diploid - ca.82diploid 82diploid 82diploid TNgP1377 TNgP1764 TNgP 1151 TNgP1172 TNgP1406 TNgP2088 TNgP2036c TNgP2045 TNgP2192b Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, Southern slope, West Java. Ca. 1250 m s.l. Jalur G. Andam, Cikaniki Forest, Halimun National Park. Ca. 1200 m s.l. Cibodas, G. Gede, JABAR. ca. 1300 m. Cibodas, G. Gede, JABAR. ca. 1300 m. G. Payung, T.N. Ujung Kulon, JABAR. 200 m Bukit Lubuk Semak, TNBD, Jambi, 85 m Hutan Sukodibeyung, TNBD, Jambi. ±30 m. Hutan Sukodibeyung, TNBD, Jambi. 45 m. S. Joloi, Peg. Muller, KALTENG. ±240 m. D. polypodioides 82diploid 82diploid 82diploid 82diploid TNgP1647 TNgP1604 TNgP1812 TNgP2285 Gondang Forest, 1000 m s.l., G. Wilis, East Java Burning Forest of Ngliman, Pace Subdistrict, G. Wilis, East Java Plot I, near Nirmala Plantation, Cikaniki, G. Halimun, West Java Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam Gubung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java D. procumbens 123triploidApogamous 123triploidApogamous --Apogamous --Apogamous --Apogamous --Apogamous TNgP1312 TNgP1348 TNgP1173 TNgP1384 TNgP1453 TNgP1693 G.Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java Cangkuang Forest, Southern Slope of G. Salak, West Java Rawa Denok II, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java Cangkuang Forest, Southern Slope of G. Salak, West Java Cangkuang Forest, Southern Slope of G. Salak, West Java Track to Wilis Water Fall, Southern Slope of G. Wilis, Dusun Turi, Kec. Geger, Kec. Sendang, Kab. Tulung Agung, East Java D. porphyrorachis ca. 164tetraploid TNgP1885 S. Ruhai, G. Pumpung Sapat, Batu Ayau, Peg. Muller, KALTENG. 260 m dpl. D. riparium ca. 82diploid 123triploid TNgP2147 TNgP 1847 Tract to Sungai Sopan-Bukit Batikap, between Camp. Lapangan Heliped II – Sungai Sopan, ca. 14 km from Camp. Lapangan Heliped II, ca. 150 m to the East of Sungai Joloi, Mt. Muller Protected Area. Ca.240 m s.l. Track to Batu Ayau, Muller-Range, Central Kalimantan. 280 m 56 Table 5.1. Continued Species Chromosomes Numbers 2n Ploidy Level Reproductive Type Voucher Specimens Locality D. simplicivenium 123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous --apogamous --apogmous TNgP1229 TNgP1386 TNgP1343 TNgP1371 TNgP1179 TNgP 1523 Track Honje Warak-Cibatu Lawang, Gede- Pangrango National Park, West Java. 1545 m Cangkuang forest, G. Salak, West Java Cibodas, G. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java. 1500 m s.l. Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, Southern Slope Cibodas Forest, Mt. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java Cibodas, G. Gede, Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java. 1520 m s.l. D. silvaticum var. silvaticum ca.164tetraploid- ca.164tetraploidSexual ca.164tetraploid- ca.164tetraploid- 164tetraploid- 164tetraploid- TNgP1300 TNgP1301 TNgP1302 TNgP1303 TNgPs.n.21 May04 TNgPs.n.11 May04 Wild Ferns of Bogor Botanic Gardens Wild Ferns of Bogor Botanic Gardens Wild Ferns of Bogor Botanic Gardens Wild Ferns of Bogor Botanic Gardens Wild Ferns of Bogor Botanic Gardens Wild Ferns of Bogor Botanic Gardens D. silvaticum var.pinnae- ellipticum 123triploidapogamous --apogamous 123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous --apogamous --apogamous TNgP2001a TNgP 2007b TNgP2085d TNgP2119c TNgP2019a TNgP 2016a TNgP 2028c Bukit Lubuk Semak, TNBD, Jambi. 70 m. TNBD Jambi Bukit Berumbung, TNBD, Jambi. 25 m. Bukit Berumbung, TNBD, Jambi. 25 m. Pematang Berumbung, TNBD, Jambi, 15 m. Pematang Berumbung, TNBD, Jambi, 15 m. Pematang Berumbung, TNBD, Jambi, 15 m. D. speciosum var. speciosum var. speciosum var. speciosum var. major var. speciosum var. major 82DiploidSexual 82diploidSexual 82diploidSexual 82diploid 82diploid 82diploid TNgP1363 TNgP1366 TNgP1803 TNgP1727 TNgP1745 TNgP1758 Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak Nature Reserve, Southern Slope, West Java. Ca. 1600 m s.l. Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak Nature Reserve, Southern Slope, West Java. Ca. 1600 m s.l. Jalur Plot II, Cikaniki Forest, G. Halimun, West Java Cikaniki-Citalahap, G. Halimun, West Java Jalur Owa, Cikaniki Forest, West Java Jalur G. Andam, G. Halimun, West Java D. procumbens 123triploid TNgP1344 G.Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java D. speciosum 82diploidSexual 82diploidSexual TNgP1359 TNgP1362 Hutan Cangkuang, G. Salak, JABAR. 1600 m. Hutan Cangkuang, G. Salak, JABAR. 1600 m. D. sorzogonense 82diploidSexual 82diploid- 82diploid- 82diploid- TNgP1803 TNgP1727 TNgP1745 TNgP1758 Jalur Plot II, Cikaniki , G. Halimun, JABAR Jalur Cikaniki-Citalahap, G. Halimun, JABAR Jalur Owa, Cikaniki, JABAR Jalur G. Andam, G. Halimun, JABAR 57 Table 5.1. Continued Species Chromosomes Numbers 2n Ploidy Level Reproductive Type Voucher Specimens Locality D. spiniferum indiv. 27 82diploid- 82diploidseksual 82diploid TNgP1896a TNgP1896c TNgP1896b G. Pumpung Sapat, Peg. Muller, KALTENG G. Pumpung Sapat, Peg. Muller, KALTENG G. Pumpung Sapat, Peg. Muller, KALTENG D. subpolypodioi- des 82diploid --sexual 82diploidsexual --sexual TNgP1825 TNgP 2285 TNgP2292 TNgP 2303 Track to Perkebunan P.T. Gayatri , G. Pasir Pacet-G. Galunggung, Lingamulya, Kec. Leuwisari, Kab. Tasikmalaya, West Java. Curug Seribu, Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java. 940 m Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java.940 m. Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java. 940 m. D. subserratum ca.123triploidapogamous --Sexual --sexual --sexual --sexual 82diploid Sexual 164tetraploid 164tetraploid 82diploid 82diploid 123triploid --sexual --sexual --sexual --sexual --sexual --sexual TNgP1072 TNgP1439 TNgP1458 TNgP1459 TNgP1462 TNgP1463 TNgP1379 TNgP1380 TNgP2282 TNgP2283 TNgP2287 TNgP1444 TNgP1705 TNgP1706 TNgP 2282 TNgP 2287 TNgP 2289 Secondary foreest, Petak 55, Desa Karang Mangu, Mt. Slamet, Wana Wisata Baturaden, Central Java Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, Southern slope, West Java Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, Southern slope, West Ja va, Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, Southern slope, West Java Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope Cikaniki Forest, Halimun National park, West Java. 1000 m. Cikaniki Forest, Halimun National park, West Java. 1000 m. Curug Seribu, Gunung Salak Indah, G salak, West Java. 940 m Curug Seribu, Gunung Salak Indah, G salak, West Java. 940 m Curug Seribu, Gunung Salak Indah, G salak, West Java. 940 m 58 Table 5.1. continued Species Chromosomes Numbers 2n Ploidy Level Reproductive Type Voucher Specimens Locality D. subserratum --sexual --sexual TNgP 2290 TNgP 2294 Curug Seribu, Gunung Salak Indah, G salak, West Java. 940 m Curug Seribu, Gunung Salak Indah, G salak, West Java. 940 m D.subvirescens Praptosuwiryo 123triploidapogamous 123 triploid.apogamous TNgP 1177 TNgP 1013 Cibodas forest, behind Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Mt. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java. Cibodas forest, behind Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Mt. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java. D. tomentosum 82diploid 164teraploid 205pentaploid TNgP2336b TNgP2066 TNgP1722 Cikuda-Paeh, Mt. Halimun, West Java. Ca. 1300 m. Near Kali Talun – Air Terjun talun, Bukit Pal, Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas. Ca.70 m. Loop Trail, Cikaniki, Mt. Halimun, West Java. Ca. 1000 m. D. umbrosum 82diploid TNgP1348 Cibodas forest, behind Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Mt. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java. ± 1400 m D. xiphophyllum 82diploid- ± 164tetraploid- 246hexaploid- 164tetraploid- 164teraploid- TNgP 1841 TNgP2040b TNgP1190 RI 867 TD902 Track to Batu Ayau, Peg. Muller, Central Kalimantan. Ca. 280 m Rawa Edam, Sukodibeyung Secondary Forest, in TNBD Sumatra. Hutan Cangkuang, G. Salak, West Java. Ca. 1200 m. Malampah Nature Reserve, Pasaman Barat, West Sumatra. 950 m dpl. East Kalimantan D. wahauense 164tetraploid 1972c S. Belitung, Peg. Muller, KALTENG. 150 m. Diplazium batuayauense Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov. D. batuayauense has two ploidy levels, tetraploid 2n=164 and pentaploid 2n = ca. 205 . The two cytotypes were found on the relatively same habitat. They were growing on humus rich soil and on rather shady places between the altitudes 440-450 m. Diplazium cordifolium Blume. There are two kind of morpholodical types in D. cordifolium, viz. simple frond and pinnate frond. Four ploidy levels are found in the simple fronds of D. cordifolium. They are tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid TNgP 1201, and octoploid TNgP1926b. The tetraploid TNgP 1203 was found in Mt. Salak Ca.1200 m. Two individual pentaploid were found in Mt. Salak at ca. 1200 m TNgP 1204 and Mt. Halimun at ca. 950 m TNgP 1808. The hexaploid and octoploid were growing at Mt. Salak Ca. 1200 m and 59 Mts. Muller Ca.450 m, respectively. While, in the imparipinnate fronds are found to have tetraploid TNgP 1194, 1375, 1376 and pentaploid TNgP 1307, 1355, 1442 from Mount Salak. From Mount Halimun, imparipinnate fronds are also found to be tetraploid TNgP 1735, 1736, 1774 and pentaploid TNgP 1813. Cytological observation of this species from Malaya reported by Manton 1954 revealed 2n= 200, might be pentaploid and was not known whether ‘simple’ or ‘imparipinnate’ fronds. Cytological report from Java by Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi 2004 gave information concerning existence of the ‘imparipinnate’ tetraploid of this species in G. Patuha and those ‘simple’ pentaploid in Selabintana G. Gede-Pangrango. The occurance of different morphological characters of simple and imparipinnate at the same ploidy level bring us to the questions whether they have different ancestor diploid races. Further cytological study is strongly recommended. Diplazium crenatoserratum Blume Moore. There are two levels ploidy reported in this study, triploid 2n = 123 and tetraploid 2n=164. The triploid plant was from Bukit Suban Punai Banyak, Bukit Dua Belas National Park Sumatra, minewhile the tetraploid plants were collected from the forest near Tomoron Water Fall Muller Range of Central Kalimantan and Bukit Dua Belas National Park Sumatra. The all cytological records of this species are new information for science . Diplazium dilatatum Blume. Six individuals of Diplazium dilatatum collected from West Java and Central Java showed apogamous triploid. Cytological observations of this species from Gede-Pangrango National Park Wes Java by Praptosuwiryo and Darnaedi 1994 found some apogamous triploid and one individual tetraploid. In Japan, two varieties of D. dilatatum has been found, viz. D. dilatatum Bl var. dilatatum and D. dilatatum Bl var. heterolepis Seriz. The first variety was reported to have diploid and triploid, while the second variety is only have triploid race Takamiya et. al. 1999. Diplazium donianum Mett. Tardieu. Only one plant of D. donianum successfully examined its chromosome number. This plant is cultivated at Bogor Botanic Gardens collected from Bukit Ubar, Sumatra and showed tetraploid 2n = 164. Apogamous tetraploid was reported from Japan Kato 1995. In Japan, 60 Kato 1995 reported D. donianum var. aphanoneuron Ohwi Tagawa with chromosome number 2n = 123 triploid. This variety is differ from var. donianum in: lamina thicker and veins invisible beneath. West Malesian D. donianum has characters: thin lamina and vein visible beneath Figure 6.6.c., Chapter 6. Thus West Malesain plants are D. donianum var. donianum. Diplazium esculentum Retz. Swartz This species usually grows in opened areas with wet soils and distribute from Tropics of Asia to Oceania. Mature plants are found to be pinnate and bipinnate. Veins anastomousing with a few veins from adjacent veins joining into excurrent ones below sinuses between lobes. Two individuals collected from two localities Mt. Halimun and Mt. Gede showed 2n=82, diploid. Cytological information of this species from eight localities Malaya, Ceylon, North and South India from 1954 to 1970 revealed diploid without giving type of reproduction information Love et. al., 1977. Takamiya et. al. 1999 was also reported sexual diploid D. esculentum of Shigetomi, Japan. Tetraploid D. esculentum is only found in India Bhavanandan Amal, 1991. It is indicate that diploid D. esculentum is distributed in broad range. Diplazium halimunense Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov. There is only one individual of D. halimunense succesfully examined TNgP 2341b and showed 2n = 123 triploid. This species is very rare, therefore only two individuals that can be collected in Mt. Halimun. This species was found growing among the small populations of D. bantamense and D. donianum. Morphologically, Diplazium halimunense seems to be intermediate of D. bantamense and D. donianum. Diplazium hewittii Copel. C.Chr. Onle one ploidy level from one plant succesfully examined, triploid 2n = 123, TNgP 1913b, from Muller Range, Central Kalimantan. There is no cytological report of this species up to this present study. This psecies has a wide range of frond morphology, from bipinnate to tripinnate. Therefore further cytological examination and mode reproduction type study of this species are needed. Diplazium profluens Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov. One individual of D. profluens showed tetraploid 2n=164. The recent survey in September 2003, around Cikaniki Station Research, Halimun National Park, West Java, succeed to 61 find this species in shadowed place in the small river bank at track Macan and track Canopy Bridge. Diplazium loerzingii Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov. The recent living plants of this species are found in Mt. Halimun West Java and Bukit Tapan Jambi, Sumatra. Two individuals from Java showed diploid TNgP 2339c and triploid TNgP 2339d. This species may have affinity to D. malaccense. This species differs from D. malaccense in the following characters: lower base of 1-2 pairs basal pinnae less cut, base of lower pinnae almost equally truncate, texture thicker or subcoriaceous, upper rachis much gemmiferous, lobes truncate, sori medial on veinlets or close to margin, attachments sides of indusia darker. Diplazium pallidum Blume Moore. Three individuals of D. pallidum observed from three different localities from Java showed two ploidy levels. Two individuals which collected from mountain rainforest above the elevation 1100 m showed tetraploid level, whereas one individual from lowland rainforest, viz. Mt. Payung, Ujung Kulon National Park, with the elevation ca.200 m showed diploid level. The diploid race is very scarcely occurred. Most of individuals of D. pallidum collected from mountain forest above the elevation 1,200 m from three localities in Java showed tetraploid level Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi, 1994; Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi, 2004. Cytological examination of D. pallidum from Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas TNBD in Sumatra and Bukit Batikap, Muller Range Central Kalimantan has diploid level. These plants grow at 70 – 90 m in TNBD Sumatra and at 200 m in Muller Range These facts support the hypothesis explained that diploid level of D. pallidum habits at lowland under 200 m alt. Diplazium petiolare C. Presl. Two individuals of Diplazium petiolare collected from Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve, West Sumatra, showed diploid 2n = 82. This cytological account is a new record for Malesian ferns. Diplazium porphyrorachis Baker Diels. Only one individual of D. porphyrorachis succed its chromosomes counting, viz. tetraploid 2n=164. This plant TNgP 1885 was found in Gunung Pumpung Sapat, Muller Range Central Kalimantan. This is a new cytological account for Malesia. There is no cytological report up to this present research. 62 Diplazium procumbens Holttum. Two individuals from two different localities in, G. Salak and G. Gede, showed triploid only TNgP 1348 and TNgP 1312. Formerly report by Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi 2004 from four localities in West Java and Eas Java also showed 2n=123, triploid. There is no report of diploid D. procumbens. Cytological observation of this species from Malaya Manton 1954 and Ceylon Manton Sledge 1954 were also revealed 2n = 123, triploid apogamous. Diplazium riparium Holttum. Two cytotypes of this species were found, namely diploid 2n=82 and triploid 2n=123. The two cytotypes were collected from the same island Borneo and in different locality. The diploid one was collected from tract to Sungai Sopan-Bukit Batikap Mts. Muller at ca. 240 m a.s.l. whereas the triploid from track Batu Ayau Mts. Muller at ca. 280 m a.s.l. Since described by Holttum 1940, there is no chromosome observation for this species. Thus, the two cytotypes are first record for science. Diplazium silvaticum Bory Swartz. There are two varieties in D. silvaticum, var. silvaticum that have lanceolate pinnae and var. pinnae-ellipticum new variety proposed in Chapter 9 those have elliptical pinnae. The first variety revealed tetraploid and found in ‘nature habitat’ of the Bogor Botanic Gardens. Whereas the second variety is triploid and collected from the lowland forest of Sumatra ca. 20 m. Manton Sledge 1954, reported this species from Ceylon to have ca. 200, while Manton 1953 also reported 2n= ca. 205 from Ceylon. Abraham et. al. 1962 gave information 2n=205 from South India. Thus, triploid cytotype was first record for science. Diplazium simplicivenium Holtt. D. simplicivenium, in a glance, similar to D. dilalatum . As stated by Holttum 1940 this species differs from D. dilatatum in the following combination characters: scales wider and longer of coarser texture; veins all single a few may be forked on transition pinnae near apex of fronds but not on the typical larger pinnae, even of large frond; usually not more than 5 pairs of veins; sori occupying ¾ or longer of the length of veins. Three individual of D. simplicivenium from three localities proved to be 2n=123, triploid. Cytological observations of the species outside of Java were also showed 63 triploid, viz. In Malaya Manton, 1954, Ceylon Manton Seldge 1954, and New Delhi Bir, 1969. The rough morphological similarity between D. simplicivenium and D. dilatatum are sometimes cause difficulties to diagnose the two species fast in the field. Connecting to the same of chromosome numbers, ploidy level, and the similarity of morphological appearances, the two species presumable involve in the complexity of their species relationship. Diplazium sorzogonense Presl. All plants examined from Mt. Salak and Mt. Halimun revealed diploid. Two plants from Mt. Salak and Mt. Halimun were sexual diploid. Morphological examination of both herbarium specimens deposited at BO and living plants growing in Mt. Salak and Mt. Halimun revealed that this species is varying in size and in the degree of lobing of its pinnae. Diplazium speciosum Blume . One of the interested matter of D. speciosum is its morphological variation of fronds. Therefore, two varieties of this species have been described, viz. D. speciosum var. speciosum and D. speciosum var. major. The two varieties can be recognized by the differences of its lobes and venations. D. speciosum var. speciosum has lobes moderately toothed, end rounded; veinlets 7-9 pairs, simple, While, D. speciosum var. major has lobes strongly toothed, end mostly acute; veinlets 10-16 pairs, mostly forked. However we do not find the differences of the two varieties based on choromosome numbers. All individuls succesfully examined, include the two varieties, revealed 2n=82, diploid. Three individuals belonging to D. speciosum var. speciosum showed sexual type. While two individuals included in D. speciosum var. major were not recognized its reproduction type. Diplazium spiniferum Alderw. All three plants collected from G. Pumpung Sabat Muller Range, Central Kalimnatan examined are diploid 2n = 82 and one of them showed sexual. There are no cytological record and mode type reproduction information for D. spiniferum until this present observation. D. spiniferum is one species of Diplazium that can grow on limestones area of mountain forest at altitude 100-1300 m above sea level of Borneo. Stipe dark green when living with sharply spine and rounded scales are characters that 64 differentiate this species from other bipinnate species of Bornean Diplazium. The fronds are in varying and usually from bipinnatifid to bipinnate. Diplazium subserratum Blume Moore. Previous cytological reports of D. subserratum is not known until this research conducted. Four individulas of D. subserratum from two localities of Mt. Slamet and Mt. Salak showed three ploidy level: diploid, triploid and tetraploid. Diploid revealed sexual, while those tetraploid are not known, and those probably sexual of triploid race presumed to be apogamous. Diplazium subvirescens Praptosuwiryo, sp.nov. Two indvidual plants collected from Mt. Gede showed triploid 2n = 123, TNgP 1177 and TNgP 1013. This species may closely related to D. virescens that distributed in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China and Indochina. Diplazium tomentosum Blume. Three levels ploidy obtained from cytological observation, viz. Diploid 2n = 82, Mt. Halimun, Java, tetraploid 2n = 164, Bukit Pal Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas, Sumatra and pentaploid 2n=205, Mt. Halimun, West Java. Diploid and pentaploid race are new cytological information for science. Cytological observation of this species from Ceylon Manton Sledge 1954 showed only tetraploid and those from Fraser’s Hill Malaya Manton 1954 reported n = 82. The existence of diploid type and also the higher ploidy level in this species presumed that Malesia, especially Java, is the center origin for D. tomentosum. Diplazium umbrosum Smith Bedd. Diplazium umbrosum is belonging to the Diplazium species group with bi-tripinnate leaves. Its segments mostly 3.5-5 mm wide, one basal basiscopic lobes the largest, to 10 by 6 mm, apex blunt or truncate, margin crenate or lobed 13 way to costulet of segments; texture herbaceous; vein pinnate in each segments 4-6 pairs, mostly forked once in each crenations, on larger crenation pinnate 2-3 pairs of second veinlets. Sori elongated from near costulet of segments or on middle veinlets. Cytological investigation revealed that there is no differences with the former information from Java by Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi 2004 collected from Mt. Welirang and Mt. Patuha, in this recent paper one individual of D. umbrosum from Cibodas, Mt. Gede, showed 2n=82, diploid. Other cytological observation from Europe by 65 Manton in Jermy 1964 gave 2n=ca.82, diploid also, under the name D. caudatum Cav. Jermy sensu stricto synonim of D. umbrosum. Diplazium xiphophyllum Bak. C.Chr. Diplazium xiphophyllum is pinnate species group. Its pinnae 9 pairs, terminal one like the rest; texture thin, drying light brownish. Pinnae elliptical to 26 cm long, 4 cm wide, narrowed gradually to slightly unequal cuneate base, ubrubtly to acuminate-caudate apex, margin entire to irregularly toothed throughout. Veins in small group, at about 55 o to costa, commonly of one basal pairs and one central veins which is forked 1-3 times, scarcely 4 times, sometimes acroscopic basal veins anastomousing with basiscopic basal veins of the nearest vein group or with the nearest branch of central vein near margin. Three level ploidy for D. xiphophyllum are reported diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid. The finding of diploid and hexaploid race from Borneo Batu Ayau of Muller Range, Central Kalimantan and Jawa Mt. Salak, respectively, are new record for science. Meanwhile the tetraploid race is new record for Java and Sumatra. Formerly research was reported tetraploid race from Taiping Hill Manton 1954. As stated by Holttum 1966 and this study Chapter 2 and 9, D. xiphophyllum commonly grows in lowland forest and valley forest of moderate mountains. The hexaploid race was found at 1200 m a.s.l. While, in Malaya D. xiphophyllum was recorded at 914 m s.l. Two individuals tetraploid plant from Sumatra, TNgP2040b and RI 867, were collected from Jambi at 55 m and from West Sumatra at 950 m, respectively. It appeared that diploid and tetraploid race of D. xiphophyllum exist at lower altitude than the hexaploid. This cytological study on D. xiphophyllum showed a common phenomena that ploidy levels has any correlation to habitat gradient. . Diplazium wahauense Kato, Darnaedi et K. Iwatsuki. Diplazium wahauense was firstly described by Kato et al. 1991 based on specimen collected from along Jenta River, north of Muara Wahau, East Kalimantan. Since that time, there is no cytological record for this species up to this present research.. Due to the difficulties on maintaining the living collections of this species, of the four collections number collected from Muller Range Central 66 Kalimantan, there was only one collection that was successfully examined its chromosome number, viz. TNgP 1972c. It was tetraploid 2n = 164. 5.3.2. The Relationship between Ploidy level and Morphological Variation within Species and Closely Related Species of Diplazium Summary of the ploidy levels of Diplazium from West Malesia is presented in Table 5.2. This study showed that intraspecific diversity on West Malesian Diplazium are high enough. Twelve species of the 31 species successfully examined are having series ploidy. Thirteen species showed only polyploid race, from triploid and tetraploid. Whereas nine species revealed only diploid race. The relationship between ploidy level and morphological variation within species and closely related species are discussed below. Diplazium accedens. All species of D. accedens examined are showing diploid. Nevertheles, morphological variation exist. Three individual of collections number TR 53 from Sumatra are showing very different appearances: Roots are not bearing buds, stipes sharply spiny, vascular bundles of stipes transversal sections near blade showing interupted U shape, rachis not gemmiferous, basal pinnae much reduced. While collection number TNgP 1001, 1211, 1399, 1447, 1649, and 1786, from Java bearing buds both on roots and rachise, stipes bearing green protuberances after falling scales, vascular bundles of stipes transversal sections near blade showing continued U-shape, basal pinnae slightly reduced. Diplazium accedens is distributed throughout Malesia and grows well on moist ground by stream or in humid in evergreen forest, by preferences more or less shadowed localties, at 60-1550 m altitude. In very large fronds there are extra areoles between the normal groups adjacent to the main lateral veins; a specimens having this character formed the basis of Athyrium ridleyi Copeland. Having opportunity to examine the type specimen of A. ridleyi deposited at SING Ridley 13970 I agree with Holttum 1966 who also included it in the present species. In my present field work in 2006 at Bukit Tapan, in Kerinci Seblat National Park Sumatra, I found the plants similar to the type specimen of A. ridleyi. 67 This species is closely related to D. proliferum Lam. Thouars, therefore the two should perhaps be united Holttum, 1940. Andrews 1990 placed this species in the genus Callipteris as Callipteris prolifera Lam. Bory and in his synonymy includes D. proliferum Lam. Kaulf., Asplenium decussatum Sw., D. accedens Bl., and D. proliferum var. accedens Bl. v.A.v.R. As stated by Holttum 1940, the name D. accedens is a little complicated. The three names of D. accedens, D. repandum, and D. Swartzii, all published in the same book by Blume 1828, are to be regarded as synonymous. Later authors have regarded all as synonyms of Lamarck’s earlier name, or of Asplenium decussatum Sw.; the names Swartzii and accedens have been taken up and used in the genera Callipteris, Asplenium and Athyrium, but the name D. repandum appears to have been almost or entirely ignored. Backer Posthumus 1939, however, have revived the name D. repandum, apparently on grounds of page priority though they do not state this which is not admitted by Rules. In their synonymy, however, they include Diplazium proliferum Thouars, an older name; their use of the name D. repandum is therefore contrary to the rules. Diplazium angustipinna . Two cytotypes of D. angustipinna triploid and tetraploid do not show any morphological differents. It is presumed that the mechanism conctrolled is autopoliploidi. Diplazium bantamense. Diplazium bantamense is usually found in moist shady forest, chiefly in the hills, sometimes near streams in lowland forest. All individuals examined here cytologically were collected from highland forest. Assuming that most of diploid are generally living in tropical area diploid race probably occur in the lowland. Examinations of many living collection grown in Bogor Botanic Gardens nursery and dried specimens housed at BO revealed that fronds of this species have enough variations on both leaf shape and size of pinnae. Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi 1994 reported four individuals of the tetraploid sexual and two octoploid sexual of D. bantamense from Gunung Gede- Pangrango National Park, West Java. However the features distinguishing the tetraploid and octoploid type are unclear. Further examination on chromosome number and its mode reproduction type from all of the range of its habitats, including from lowland, would clarify their variations. 68 Diplazium cordifolium . Species concept of D. cordifolium stated by Tagawa dan Iwatsuki 1988 covers individuals having simple frond narrowly oblong-subdeltoid, cordate at broadest base, narrowing upwards towards acuminate apex, subentire to undulate at margin and individuals having imparipinnate fronds with a few pairs of lateral pinnae becoming smaller upwards, lateral pinnae sessile, bearing gemmae at junction between rachis and costa. Tagawa Iwatsuki 1988 treated all morphological variations, the simple fronds D. cordifolium Blume and the pinnate fronds D. integrifolium Blume, as one entity, viz. D. cordifolium Blume. The cytological evidence of this research supports in differentiating D. cordifolium Blume from D. integrifolium Blume. The simple fronds plants have one serial ploidy from tetraploid, pentaploid and hexaploid, meanwhile those simply pinnate fronds plants reveal tetraploid and pentaploid. Observation on living plants revealed that those simple fronds never change into the simply pinnate fronds. However some characters of the two groups, such as scales, lamina texture, and venation, are similar. Mitsuta 1985 recognized two varieties of Sumatran D. cordifolium, var. integrifolium Bl. Mitsuta and var. pariens Copel. C.Chr. The two varieties are differentiated with characters as follow. var. integrifolium has 2-3 pairs of lateral pinnae, and base of terminal pinnae sessile, while var. pariens with 4-6 pairs of lateral pinnae, and base of terminal pinna usually wide cuneate. Cytological observation showed that the simple fronds revealed a series ploidy 2n=4x, 5x, dan 6x and those imparipinnate aslo have a series ploidy 2n=4x dan 5x. Morpholigical observation in the living collections revelaed that the plant with simple fronds did not change into the pinnate fronds. Further morphological differences are provided in the identification key in the Chapter 9. This study showed that genetic variation within D. cordifolium are varying and has brougth out into the morphological variation. The molecular evidence from gene rbcL sequence also supported this results Chapter 8. Diplazium crenatoserratum. As also reported by Holttum 1940, D. crenatoserratum is a very common fern of lowland forest. This species shows much variation in size and in the degree of lobing of its pinnae. Small plants with blunt entire pinnae may be fertile. The tetraploid type of Tomoroh Water Fall 69 Muller Range, Central Kalimantan has small size with blunt entire pinnae while the plants with larger size and pinnae more incision, margin lobed ¼-12 way towards costa, revealed triploid and tetraploid. Therefore it is presumed that there are no morphological differences between triploid and tetraploi. However further cytological observation of this species for all its range distribution are needed to clarify this preliminary study. Diplazium dilatatum . In Japan, two variaties of D. dilatatum have been recognished, viz. D. dilatatum Blume var. dilatatum dan D. dilatatum Blume var. heterolepis Seriz. Kato, 1995. The first variety are diploid and triploid, while the second variety is only triploid Takamiya et. al. 1999. The triploid race of Javanese species presumed as var dilatatum, due to morphological similarity with those of Japanese species. Kato 1995, stated that D. dilatatum var. dilatatum differs from D. dilatatum var. heterolepis in the scales cahacters. D. dilatatum var. heterolepis has scales at the stipe base lanceolate, to 20 mm long, black at margin. While D. dilatatum var. heterolepis has scales at stipe broadly lanceolate, 10-15 mm long, 1-3 mm broad, hardly black at margin. Javanese plants match to the D. dilatatum var. dilatatum, because its scales characters similar to this variety, viz. liniery lanceolate, 15 mm long or more, 1 mm wide, yellowish brown at middle, black and sharply toothed at margin. One individual of the tetraploid and thirteen individuals of triploid of D. dilatatum from West Java were reported by Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi 1994. But, morphological differences between the two cytotypes are not significant. Diplazium pallidum . Morphologically, the appearances of the two ploidi level, diploid and triploid, showed much differences. The tetraploid race showed following character spots: terminal pinna deltoid and deeply lobed; upper base of lateral pinnae broadly truncate, lower base narrowly rounded. Whereas the diploid race has following characters spots: terminal pinna conform to lateral with one or two lobes; upper base of lateral pinnae rounded, lower base cuneate. Further examination to see the conssitence of the morphological differences between the two race of D. pallidum diploid dan tetraploid is needed by examining much more sample from different altitude. In addition, examination 70 of reproduction types, spore mophology, anatomy of the fornds, and isozyme or DNA analysis would give clarification of the taxonomical status of the two race. Diplazium silvaticum. There are morphological distinct among the triploid types and tetraploid types. Tetraploid plants have pinnae 8-13 pairs, lower pinnae lanceolate, 7-15 x 1.6-3 cm, upper base subtruncate, lower base cuneate. Meanwhile the triploid ones have pinnae 2-5 pairs, lower pinnae elliptic, 3.3 -5.4 x 2.0-2.7 cm, upper base subrounded, lower base cuneate. Those tetraploid are sexual, while the triploid are apogamous. It is suggested that the triploid was originally hybrid. Further studies are needed. Diplazium subserratum. The differrences of ploidy level is presumed to be correlated to its morphological variations. The results of the morphological comparison between diploid TNgP 1463 and tetraploid TNgP 1379 is showed in the following characters: The diploid has stipe 1.5 mm diam., length 15 cm; lamina 34 cm length, 3.1 cm wide in the middle, margin entire; veins forked 2-3 times. While those tetraploid has stipe 1.5-2 mm diam., 13.0-16.5 cm length; lamina 15-29 cm, 2.0-4 cm wide in the middle; margin 16-23 portion of base entire and waved 13 – 56 portion upper; veins forked 2-4 times. The correlation between the ploidy level, type of reproduction, and morphological appearance of this species seem very interesting from the point view of speciation in Diplazium. Therefore more cytological observations of this species over its range areas of distribution are needed to verify the correlation between ploidy levels and morphological differences. Diplazium tomentosum . 82diploid TNgP 2336b ; 164teraploid TNgP 2066; 205pentaploid TNgP1722. There are not any significant qualitative characters differences among the three cytotypes of D. tomentosum. However they have several differences in quantitative. The diploid type has lamina up to 21.5 cm by 10 cm, pinnae up to 14 pairs; veinlets on the largest lobe of basal pinna up to 5 pairs, mostly simple. Tetraploid type has lamina up to 24 cm by 15 cm, pinnae up to 17 pairs; veinlets up to 6 pairs, mostly simple. Whereas the pentaploid type has lamina up to 32 cm by 17 cm, pinnae to 19 pairs; veinlets on the largest lobe of basal pinna up to 8 pairs, mostly once forked. These results indicate that the ploidy seri in this species is autoploid. 71 Diplazium xiphophyllum . Three voucher spesimens of the three cytotypes diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid could not be made comparison because they are in different stage of growth. However qualitatvely the three cytotypes are not different. Therefore it is presumed that they are autoploid. Diplazium aequibasale, D. riparium and D. wahauense. Diplazium aequibasale 2n=164, D. riparium 2n=82 and D. wahauense 2n=164 almost have similar morphological appearances. Diplazium aequibasale have allied form between D. riparium and D. wahauense. D. wahauense is closely related to D. riparium. Kato et.al. 1991 presumed that D. wahauense derived from D. riparium which occurs in riparian and dryland forest in Borneo. The two species share many character, viz. black, somewhat crisped, entire scales, blackish stipes, dark-brown, naked rachis, and imparipinnate leaves with 3-4 pairs of entire lateral pinnae. D. wahauense differs from D. riparium mainly in its narrow pinnae, which are characteristic of rheophytes.

5.3.3. Relationship between ploidy level and habitat gradient