50
5.3. Results and Discussion
Somatic chromosome account and mode reproductive type of Diplazium from West Malesia included 33 species and 117 collections number collected
from 54 localities are reported Table 5.1.. All species examined revealed basic chromosome number x = 41. These are consistent with those reported by many
recently researchers on cytology of Diplazium, such as Ohta Takamiya 1999 and Takamiya et al. 1999, 2000, 2001. The 33 species of Diplazium successfully
examined its chromosomes number and mode reproduction type are discussed as follow.
5.3.1. Chromosome Number Variations and Mode Reproduction Types on Diplazium
Diplazium accedens Blume. Eight individuals of D. accedens revealed
2n = 82 diploid, three individuals from East Kalimantan and five individuals from five localities in East Java and West Java.. Somatic chromosomes number of
D. accedens from Kalimantan is firstly report in this study. Eighteen individuals
of plant from four localities in East Java and West Java reported by Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi 1994 and 2004 also showed diploid level. Total of 23 plants are
consistently diploid sexual. Manton 1954 in Malaya also reported diploid level only. Since we understand that ploidy is derived from the diploid one, we
presumed that D. eccedens is a good species or probably native to Java. Diplazium aequibasale
Baker C.Chr. Only one individual of D. aequibasale
succeded to be examined and showed tetraploid 2n=164. It is the first cytological report for this species. There is not a cytological observation
reported yet except this study. Diplazium angustipinna
Holttum. There are two levels ploidy found in D. angustipinna
, viz. triploid 2n=123 and tetraploid 2n=164 from Borneo. The two cytotypes are the first cytological record for Bornean Diplazium, and the
triploid one is also the first record for science. Manton 1954 reported only n = 82 for Malayan plant. However it is not recognized whether this plant is sexual
tetraploid or apogamous diploid because its somatic chromosome number was not
51 reported. Two specimens types from two different ploidy levels, 2n=123 dan
2n=164, can not differentiated. Diplazium asymmetricum
Prtaptosuwiryo, sp. nov. Four individuals TNgP 1094, TNgP 1334, and TNgP 1732 of this species has been observed
cytologically and showed 2n = 123 triploid. The small frond of Diplazium asymmetricum
is in a glance similar to those of D. procumbens. However D. asymmetricum
can be differentiated from D. procumbens by the following characters combination: rhizome short, erect; lamina more incised up to
tripinnate basiscopic pinnulae or segments and lobes are larger than the acroscopic ones acroscopic and basiscopic pinnuale or segments and lobes
asymmetric; indusia thicker, margin entire. While D. procumbens has rhizome long creeping; acroscopic and basiscopic pinnulae and lobes almost symmetric;
indusia thin and lacerate at margin. Diplazium bantamense
Blume. Four individuals of D. bantamense
collected from Cangkuang Forest, Mt. Salak, West Java, found to be tetraploid race. Two individuals are successfully examined their reproduction types. TNgP
1212 showed 32 spores per sporangium presumed as apogamous type and TNgP 1454 showed 64 spores per sporangium as sexual type. The others two plants
have not been recognized their reproduction type. Most of individuals successfully examined were tetraploid sexual Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi, 1994.
As pointed out by Kato 1992, at diploid gametophytes level, sexual species tetraploid in sporophyte are more abundant than apogamosporous ones. Kato
1992 also explained the hypothetical origins of tetraploid agamosporous type. Tetraploid agamosporous type may be derived from a crossing between diploid
sexual species and triploid agamosporous. While, triploid agamosporous are derived from diploid and tetraploid sexual species, as a demonstrated by
Dryopteris sparsa compelx Darnaedi et al 1989.
Based on this analysis, it is presumed that in Java, diploid sexual and triploid apogamous of D. bantamense may exist in nature. However up to now
the information concerning the existence of both diploid sexual and triploid apogamous are not exist. Further cytological survey of this species is urgently
needed to confirm whether the diploid ancestral is still exist or not.
52 Table 5.1. Somatic Chromosomes numbers, Ploidy Level and Mode
Reproduction Type of Diplazium from West Malesia
Species Chromosomes
Numbers 2n Ploidy Level Reproductive
Type Voucher
Specimens Locality
D. accedens 82diploid
82diploid 82diploid
82diploid
82diploid 82diploid
82diploidseksual 82diploidseksual
83diploidseksual TNgP1001
TNgP1447 TNgP1786
TNgP1399
TNgP1649 TNgP1211
TR 53.1 TR 53.2
TR 53.3 Gede-Pangrango National Park
G. Salak, West Java. Ca. 1500 s.l. G. Halimun, West Java. Ca. 950 m s.l.
Cidaon-Cibunar, Ujung Kulon National Park, West Java.
Gondang Forest, G. Wilis Utara, Kec. Kare, Kab. Madiun, East Java
G.Salak, West Java East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan East Kalimantan
D. aequibasale 164tetraploid
TNgP2026 Bank of Sungai Abang Ai, TNBD, Jambi
D. angustipinna 123triploid
ca.164tetraploid TNgP1904
TNgP1905b
Kobet Forest, near S. Kobet, trek to Batu Ayau, Peg. Muller, KALTENG. 440 m.
Kobet Forest, near S. Kobet, trek to Batu Ayau, Peg. Muller, KALTENG. 440 m.
D. asymmetricum Praptosuwiryo
123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous
123triploidapogamous TNgP 1094
T.Ng.P 1334 TNgP 1732
Petak 4 Desa Kemutuk Lor Wana Wisata Baturraden, G. Slamet, Central Java. 970-
1000 m. a.s.l. Cibodas Forest, behind Cibodas Botanic
Gardens, Mt. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java. ca. 1450 m
Track Cikaniki – Citalahap, Halimun National Park, West Java. Ca. 1000 m.
D. bantamense 164tetraploidapoga-
mous 164tetraploid
164tetraploidSexual 164tetraploid
--Sexual --Sexual
--Apogamous TNgP1212
TNgP1321 TNgP1454
TNgP1383 TNgP1516
TNgP1517 TNgP1707
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
G. Slamet, Track to Sang Hyang Ropoh, Central Java. 1060 m s.l.
G. Slamet, Track to Sang Hyang Ropoh, Central Java. 1060 m s.l.
Cikaniki Forest, Halimun National park, West Java
D. batuayauense Praptosuwiryo
164tetraploid- Ca. 205pentaploid-
TNgP1927c TNgP1909
Above Sungai Talikot Puhung Kucan, Batu Ayau, Muller Range, Central
Kalimnatan, Borneo. 450 m. Kobet Forest, near S. Kobet, track to Batu
Ayau, Muller Range, Central Kalimantan, Borneo. 440 m s.l.
53 Table 5.1. Table continued
Species Chromosomes
Numbers 2n Ploidy
LevelReproductiv e Type
Voucher Specimens
Locality
D. cordifolium “pinnate fronds”
“simple fronds”
“pinnate fornds” “pinnate fronds”
“pinnate fornds” “simple fronds”
“simple frond” “pinnate fronds”
“pinnate fronds” “pinnate fronds”
“pinnate fronds” “pinnate fronds”
“simple fronds” ‘pinnate frond’
“pinnate frond” “pinnate frond”
“pinnate frond” “simple fronds”
“simple fronds” “simple fronds”
D. cordifolium ‘pinnate fronds’
D. cordifolium ‘simple fronds’
164tetraploid Ca.246hexaploid
Ca.205pentaploid 164tetraploid
Ca.205pentaploid Ca.205pentaploid
Ca.164tetraploid 164tetraploid
ca205pentaploid --Sexual
--Sexual --Sexual
164tetraploid 164tetraploid
164tetraploid ca.205pentaploid
164tetraploid 205pentaploid
164tetraploid 164tetraploid
ca. 164tetraploid . 328octoploid
TNgP1194 TNgP1201
TNgP1307 T NgP1375
TNgP1355 TNgP1204
TNgP1203 TNgP1442
TNgP1441 TNgP1456
TNgP1457 TNgP1460
TNgP1458 TNgP1735
TNgP1774 TNgP1808
TNgP1736 TNgP1813
TNgP2284 TNgP2281
TNgP1910 TNgP 1926b
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak-West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak-West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak-West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak-West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java. Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak-West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak-West Java, Southern Slope
Curug Macan Trail, Cikaniki Forest, G. Halimun, West Java
Owa Trail, Cikaniki Forest, G. Halimun, West Java
Plot IIC6, Cikaniki Forest, G. Halimun, West Java. Ca. 950 m.
Loop Trail, G. Halimun, West Java. Plot I, near Tea Plantation, Cikaniki Research
Station, G. Halimun, West Java. Ca. 950 m. Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam
Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam
Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java. Near Sungai Anak Kobet, track to Batu Ayau,
Batu Ayau. 440 m s.l. Near Sungai Anak Kobet, track to Batu Ayau,
Mts. Muller, Desa Tumbang Topus, Kec. Tumbang Konyi, Kab. Murung Raya, Central
Kalimantan. ca. 450 m.
54 Table 5.1. Table continued
Species Chromosomes
Numbers 2n Ploidy Level Reproductive Type
Voucher Specimens
Locality D. cordifolium
‘pinnate fronds’ 164tetraploid ...
ca. 164tetraploid ...
164tetraploid TNgP2128
TNgP2129
TNgP2342b Track S. Sopan-Bukit Batikap, between Ponot
Penanginan-Camp Lapangan Heliped II, ca.6 m sebelah Timur S. Joloi, near Tanjakan Nikki
Ardilla, Mts. Muller, Central Kalimantan. 240 m Trek S. Sopan-Bukit Batikap, between Ponot
Penanginan-Camp Lapangan Heliped II, ca.6 m the eastern of Sungai Joloi, near Tanjakan Nikki
Ardilla, Peg.Muller, Central Kalimantan. 240 m Cikuda Paeh, G. Halimun, West Java
D. crenatoseratum 164tetraploid
164 tetraploid 164 tetraploid
164tetraploid ca.
164 tetraploid ca.
123triploidapogami TNgP2067a
TNgP2026a TNgP2026c
TNgP2044 TNgP1971
TNgP2075 Bukit Pal, Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas,
Jambi, Sumatra. ca. 70 m. Bank of Abang Ai, Taman Nasional Bukit Dua
Belas, Jambi, Sumatra. 20 m. Bank of Abang Ai, Taman Nasional Bukit Dua
Belas, Jambi, Sumatra. 20 m. Bukit Air Keruh, Taman Nasional Bukit Dua
Belas, Jambi, Sumatra. 50 m. Air Terjun Tomoroh, S. Belatung, Peg. Muller,
KALTENG. 150 m. Bukit Suban Punai Banyak, Taman Nasional Bukit
Dua Belas, Jambi, Sumatra. Ca. 55m.
D. dilatatum 123triploidapogamous
123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous
123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous
123triploidapogamous TNgP1073
TNgP1339 TNgP1343
TNgP1011b TNgP1025
TNgP1526 Petak 55, Desa Karang Mangu, Wana Wisata
Baturraden, G. Slamet, Central Java G. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West
Java G. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West
Java G. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West
Java G. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West
Java G. Pangrango, 1925 m dpl, Gede-Pangrango
National Park
D. donianum 164tetraploid
XIX.C.III.65 Bukit Ubar, Sumatra. Cultivated in Bogor Botanic Gardens.
D. esculentum 82diploid-
82diploid- 82diploid-
TNgP1291 TNgP1784
TNgP2094 Pasir Buntu, Geger Bentang
G. Pangrango, West Java Cikuda Paeh Trail, Cikaniki Forest, G. Halimun
Hutan Sungai Air Keruh, TNBD, Jambi
D. profluens Praptosuwiryo
164tetraploid TNgP1798
Canopy Bridge Trail, Cikaniki Forest, G. Halimun D. halimunense
Praptosuwiryo 123triploidapogami
TNgP 2341b Cikuda
Paeh, G.
Halimun, West
Java D. hewittii
123triploidapogami TNgP1913b Hutan
Batu Ayau,
Peg.Muller, KALTENG
D. loerzingii 82diploid-
123triploidapogami TNgP 2339c
TNgP 2339d Cikuda Paeh, G. Halimun, West Java
Cikuda Paeh, G. Halimun, West Java D. megasegmentum
Praptosuwiryo -- Apogamous
-- Apogamous TNgP1451
TNgP1452 Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern
Slope Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern
Slope
55 Table 5.1. Table continued
Species Chromosomes
Numbers 2n Ploidy Level Reproductive Type
Voucher Specimens
Locality D. petiolare
82diploid- 82diploid-
TT993.2 TT993.3
Cagar Alam Rimbo Panti, Kec. Panti, Kab. Pasaman, West Sumatra. 240-900 m dpl.
Cagar Alam Rimbo Panti, Kec. Panti, Kab. Pasaman, West Sumatra. 240-900 m dpl.
D. pallidum 164tetraplioid
164tetraploid 164tetraploid
164tetraploid 82diploid
82diploid - ca.82diploid
82diploid 82diploid
TNgP1377 TNgP1764
TNgP 1151 TNgP1172
TNgP1406 TNgP2088
TNgP2036c TNgP2045
TNgP2192b Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, Southern slope, West
Java. Ca. 1250 m s.l. Jalur G. Andam, Cikaniki Forest, Halimun
National Park. Ca. 1200 m s.l. Cibodas, G. Gede, JABAR. ca. 1300 m.
Cibodas, G. Gede, JABAR. ca. 1300 m. G. Payung, T.N. Ujung Kulon, JABAR. 200 m
Bukit Lubuk Semak, TNBD, Jambi, 85 m Hutan Sukodibeyung, TNBD, Jambi. ±30 m.
Hutan Sukodibeyung, TNBD, Jambi. 45 m. S. Joloi, Peg. Muller, KALTENG. ±240 m.
D. polypodioides 82diploid
82diploid 82diploid
82diploid TNgP1647
TNgP1604 TNgP1812
TNgP2285 Gondang Forest, 1000 m s.l., G. Wilis, East Java
Burning Forest of Ngliman, Pace Subdistrict, G. Wilis, East Java
Plot I, near Nirmala Plantation, Cikaniki, G. Halimun, West Java
Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam Gubung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java
D. procumbens 123triploidApogamous
123triploidApogamous --Apogamous
--Apogamous --Apogamous
--Apogamous TNgP1312
TNgP1348 TNgP1173
TNgP1384 TNgP1453
TNgP1693 G.Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West
Java Cangkuang Forest, Southern Slope of G. Salak,
West Java Rawa Denok II, Gede-Pangrango National Park,
West Java Cangkuang Forest, Southern Slope of G. Salak,
West Java Cangkuang Forest, Southern Slope of G. Salak,
West Java Track to Wilis Water Fall, Southern Slope of G.
Wilis, Dusun Turi, Kec. Geger, Kec. Sendang, Kab. Tulung Agung, East Java
D. porphyrorachis ca.
164tetraploid TNgP1885
S. Ruhai, G. Pumpung Sapat, Batu Ayau, Peg. Muller, KALTENG. 260 m dpl.
D. riparium ca. 82diploid
123triploid TNgP2147
TNgP 1847 Tract to Sungai Sopan-Bukit Batikap, between
Camp. Lapangan Heliped II – Sungai Sopan, ca. 14 km from Camp. Lapangan Heliped II, ca. 150
m to the East of Sungai Joloi, Mt. Muller Protected Area. Ca.240 m s.l.
Track to Batu Ayau, Muller-Range, Central Kalimantan. 280 m
56 Table 5.1. Continued
Species Chromosomes
Numbers 2n Ploidy Level Reproductive Type
Voucher Specimens
Locality D. simplicivenium
123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous
123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous
--apogamous --apogmous
TNgP1229 TNgP1386
TNgP1343 TNgP1371
TNgP1179 TNgP 1523
Track Honje Warak-Cibatu Lawang, Gede- Pangrango National Park, West Java. 1545 m
Cangkuang forest, G. Salak, West Java Cibodas, G. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National
Park, West Java. 1500 m s.l. Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, Southern Slope
Cibodas Forest, Mt. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java
Cibodas, G. Gede, Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java. 1520 m s.l.
D. silvaticum var. silvaticum
ca.164tetraploid- ca.164tetraploidSexual
ca.164tetraploid- ca.164tetraploid-
164tetraploid-
164tetraploid- TNgP1300
TNgP1301 TNgP1302
TNgP1303 TNgPs.n.21
May04 TNgPs.n.11
May04 Wild Ferns of Bogor Botanic Gardens
Wild Ferns of Bogor Botanic Gardens Wild Ferns of Bogor Botanic Gardens
Wild Ferns of Bogor Botanic Gardens Wild Ferns of Bogor Botanic Gardens
Wild Ferns of Bogor Botanic Gardens D. silvaticum
var.pinnae- ellipticum
123triploidapogamous --apogamous
123triploidapogamous 123triploidapogamous
123triploidapogamous --apogamous
--apogamous TNgP2001a
TNgP 2007b TNgP2085d
TNgP2119c TNgP2019a
TNgP 2016a TNgP 2028c
Bukit Lubuk Semak, TNBD, Jambi. 70 m. TNBD Jambi
Bukit Berumbung, TNBD, Jambi. 25 m. Bukit Berumbung, TNBD, Jambi. 25 m.
Pematang Berumbung, TNBD, Jambi, 15 m. Pematang Berumbung, TNBD, Jambi, 15 m.
Pematang Berumbung, TNBD, Jambi, 15 m.
D. speciosum var.
speciosum var. speciosum
var. speciosum var. major
var. speciosum var. major
82DiploidSexual 82diploidSexual
82diploidSexual 82diploid
82diploid 82diploid
TNgP1363 TNgP1366
TNgP1803 TNgP1727
TNgP1745 TNgP1758
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak Nature Reserve, Southern Slope, West Java. Ca. 1600 m s.l.
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak Nature Reserve, Southern Slope, West Java. Ca. 1600 m s.l.
Jalur Plot II, Cikaniki Forest, G. Halimun, West Java
Cikaniki-Citalahap, G. Halimun, West Java Jalur Owa, Cikaniki Forest, West Java
Jalur G. Andam, G. Halimun, West Java
D. procumbens 123triploid
TNgP1344 G.Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park,
West Java
D. speciosum 82diploidSexual
82diploidSexual TNgP1359
TNgP1362 Hutan Cangkuang, G. Salak, JABAR. 1600 m.
Hutan Cangkuang, G. Salak, JABAR. 1600 m.
D. sorzogonense 82diploidSexual
82diploid- 82diploid-
82diploid- TNgP1803
TNgP1727 TNgP1745
TNgP1758 Jalur Plot II, Cikaniki , G. Halimun, JABAR
Jalur Cikaniki-Citalahap, G. Halimun, JABAR
Jalur Owa, Cikaniki, JABAR Jalur G. Andam, G. Halimun, JABAR
57 Table 5.1. Continued
Species Chromosomes
Numbers 2n Ploidy Level Reproductive Type
Voucher Specimens
Locality D. spiniferum
indiv. 27
82diploid- 82diploidseksual
82diploid TNgP1896a
TNgP1896c TNgP1896b
G. Pumpung Sapat, Peg. Muller, KALTENG G. Pumpung Sapat, Peg. Muller, KALTENG
G. Pumpung Sapat, Peg. Muller, KALTENG D. subpolypodioi-
des 82diploid
--sexual 82diploidsexual
--sexual TNgP1825
TNgP 2285 TNgP2292
TNgP 2303 Track to Perkebunan P.T. Gayatri , G. Pasir
Pacet-G. Galunggung, Lingamulya, Kec. Leuwisari, Kab. Tasikmalaya, West Java.
Curug Seribu, Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java. 940 m
Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West
Java.940 m. Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam
Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java. 940 m.
D. subserratum ca.123triploidapogamous
--Sexual --sexual
--sexual --sexual
82diploid Sexual 164tetraploid
164tetraploid 82diploid
82diploid 123triploid
--sexual --sexual
--sexual --sexual
--sexual --sexual
TNgP1072 TNgP1439
TNgP1458 TNgP1459
TNgP1462 TNgP1463
TNgP1379 TNgP1380
TNgP2282 TNgP2283
TNgP2287 TNgP1444
TNgP1705 TNgP1706
TNgP 2282 TNgP 2287
TNgP 2289 Secondary foreest, Petak 55, Desa Karang
Mangu, Mt. Slamet, Wana Wisata Baturaden, Central Java
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, Southern slope, West Java
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, Southern slope, West Ja va,
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, Southern slope, West Java
Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java
Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java
Track to Curug Seribu, Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Salak Indah, G. Salak, West Java
Cangkuang Forest, G. Salak, West Java, Southern Slope
Cikaniki Forest, Halimun National park, West Java. 1000 m.
Cikaniki Forest, Halimun National park, West Java. 1000 m.
Curug Seribu, Gunung Salak Indah, G salak, West Java. 940 m
Curug Seribu, Gunung Salak Indah, G salak, West Java. 940 m
Curug Seribu, Gunung Salak Indah, G salak, West Java. 940 m
58 Table 5.1. continued
Species Chromosomes
Numbers 2n Ploidy Level Reproductive Type
Voucher Specimens
Locality D. subserratum
--sexual --sexual
TNgP 2290 TNgP 2294
Curug Seribu, Gunung Salak Indah, G salak, West Java. 940 m
Curug Seribu, Gunung Salak Indah, G salak, West Java. 940 m
D.subvirescens Praptosuwiryo
123triploidapogamous 123 triploid.apogamous
TNgP 1177 TNgP 1013
Cibodas forest, behind Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Mt. Gede, Gede-Pangrango
National Park, West Java. Cibodas forest, behind Cibodas Botanic
Gardens, Mt. Gede, Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java.
D. tomentosum 82diploid
164teraploid 205pentaploid
TNgP2336b TNgP2066
TNgP1722 Cikuda-Paeh, Mt. Halimun, West Java. Ca.
1300 m. Near Kali Talun – Air Terjun talun, Bukit
Pal, Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas. Ca.70 m.
Loop Trail, Cikaniki, Mt. Halimun, West Java. Ca. 1000 m.
D. umbrosum 82diploid
TNgP1348
Cibodas forest, behind Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Mt. Gede, Gede-Pangrango
National Park, West Java.
± 1400 m
D. xiphophyllum 82diploid-
± 164tetraploid-
246hexaploid- 164tetraploid-
164teraploid- TNgP 1841
TNgP2040b TNgP1190
RI 867 TD902
Track to Batu Ayau, Peg. Muller, Central Kalimantan. Ca. 280 m
Rawa Edam, Sukodibeyung Secondary Forest, in TNBD Sumatra.
Hutan Cangkuang, G. Salak, West Java. Ca. 1200 m.
Malampah Nature Reserve, Pasaman Barat, West Sumatra. 950 m dpl.
East Kalimantan
D. wahauense 164tetraploid
1972c
S. Belitung, Peg. Muller, KALTENG. 150 m.
Diplazium batuayauense Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov. D. batuayauense has
two ploidy levels, tetraploid 2n=164 and pentaploid 2n = ca. 205 . The two cytotypes were found on the relatively same habitat. They were growing on
humus rich soil and on rather shady places between the altitudes 440-450 m. Diplazium cordifolium
Blume. There are two kind of morpholodical types in D. cordifolium, viz. simple frond and pinnate frond. Four ploidy levels
are found in the simple fronds of D. cordifolium. They are tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid TNgP 1201, and octoploid TNgP1926b. The tetraploid TNgP 1203
was found in Mt. Salak Ca.1200 m. Two individual pentaploid were found in Mt. Salak at ca. 1200 m TNgP 1204 and Mt. Halimun at ca. 950 m TNgP
1808. The hexaploid and octoploid were growing at Mt. Salak Ca. 1200 m and
59 Mts. Muller Ca.450 m, respectively. While, in the imparipinnate fronds are
found to have tetraploid TNgP 1194, 1375, 1376 and pentaploid TNgP 1307, 1355, 1442 from Mount Salak. From Mount Halimun, imparipinnate fronds are
also found to be tetraploid TNgP 1735, 1736, 1774 and pentaploid TNgP 1813. Cytological observation of this species from Malaya reported by Manton 1954
revealed 2n= 200, might be pentaploid and was not known whether ‘simple’ or ‘imparipinnate’ fronds. Cytological report from Java by Praptosuwiryo
Darnaedi 2004 gave information concerning existence of the ‘imparipinnate’ tetraploid of this species in G. Patuha and those ‘simple’ pentaploid in Selabintana
G. Gede-Pangrango. The occurance of different morphological characters of simple and imparipinnate at the same ploidy level bring us to the questions
whether they have different ancestor diploid races. Further cytological study is strongly recommended.
Diplazium crenatoserratum Blume Moore. There are two levels ploidy
reported in this study, triploid 2n = 123 and tetraploid 2n=164. The triploid plant was from Bukit Suban Punai Banyak, Bukit Dua Belas National Park
Sumatra, minewhile the tetraploid plants were collected from the forest near Tomoron Water Fall Muller Range of Central Kalimantan and Bukit Dua Belas
National Park Sumatra. The all cytological records of this species are new information for science .
Diplazium dilatatum Blume. Six individuals of Diplazium dilatatum
collected from West Java and Central Java showed apogamous triploid. Cytological observations of this species from Gede-Pangrango National Park Wes
Java by Praptosuwiryo and Darnaedi 1994 found some apogamous triploid and one individual tetraploid. In Japan, two varieties of D. dilatatum has been found,
viz. D. dilatatum Bl var. dilatatum and D. dilatatum Bl var. heterolepis Seriz. The first variety was reported to have diploid and triploid, while the second
variety is only have triploid race Takamiya et. al. 1999. Diplazium donianum
Mett. Tardieu. Only one plant of D. donianum successfully examined its chromosome number. This plant is cultivated at Bogor
Botanic Gardens collected from Bukit Ubar, Sumatra and showed tetraploid 2n = 164. Apogamous tetraploid was reported from Japan Kato 1995. In Japan,
60 Kato 1995 reported D. donianum var. aphanoneuron Ohwi Tagawa with
chromosome number 2n = 123 triploid. This variety is differ from var. donianum
in: lamina thicker and veins invisible beneath. West Malesian D. donianum
has characters: thin lamina and vein visible beneath Figure 6.6.c., Chapter 6. Thus West Malesain plants are D. donianum var. donianum.
Diplazium esculentum Retz. Swartz This species usually grows in
opened areas with wet soils and distribute from Tropics of Asia to Oceania. Mature plants are found to be pinnate and bipinnate. Veins anastomousing with a
few veins from adjacent veins joining into excurrent ones below sinuses between lobes. Two individuals collected from two localities Mt. Halimun and Mt. Gede
showed 2n=82, diploid. Cytological information of this species from eight localities Malaya, Ceylon, North and South India from 1954 to 1970 revealed
diploid without giving type of reproduction information Love et. al., 1977. Takamiya et. al. 1999 was also reported sexual diploid D. esculentum of
Shigetomi, Japan. Tetraploid D. esculentum is only found in India Bhavanandan Amal, 1991. It is indicate that diploid D. esculentum is distributed in broad
range. Diplazium halimunense
Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov. There is only one individual of D. halimunense succesfully examined TNgP 2341b and showed 2n
= 123 triploid. This species is very rare, therefore only two individuals that can be collected in Mt. Halimun. This species was found growing among the small
populations of D. bantamense and D. donianum. Morphologically, Diplazium halimunense
seems to be intermediate of D. bantamense and D. donianum. Diplazium hewittii
Copel. C.Chr. Onle one ploidy level from one plant succesfully examined, triploid 2n = 123, TNgP 1913b, from Muller Range,
Central Kalimantan. There is no cytological report of this species up to this present study. This psecies has a wide range of frond morphology, from bipinnate
to tripinnate. Therefore further cytological examination and mode reproduction type study of this species are needed.
Diplazium profluens Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov. One individual of D.
profluens showed tetraploid 2n=164. The recent survey in September 2003,
around Cikaniki Station Research, Halimun National Park, West Java, succeed to
61 find this species in shadowed place in the small river bank at track Macan and
track Canopy Bridge. Diplazium loerzingii
Praptosuwiryo, sp. nov. The recent living plants of this species are found in Mt. Halimun West Java and Bukit Tapan Jambi,
Sumatra. Two individuals from Java showed diploid TNgP 2339c and triploid TNgP 2339d. This species may have affinity to D. malaccense. This species
differs from D. malaccense in the following characters: lower base of 1-2 pairs basal pinnae less cut, base of lower pinnae almost equally truncate, texture thicker
or subcoriaceous, upper rachis much gemmiferous, lobes truncate, sori medial on veinlets or close to margin, attachments sides of indusia darker.
Diplazium pallidum Blume Moore. Three individuals of D. pallidum
observed from three different localities from Java showed two ploidy levels. Two individuals which collected from mountain rainforest above the elevation 1100 m
showed tetraploid level, whereas one individual from lowland rainforest, viz. Mt. Payung, Ujung Kulon National Park, with the elevation ca.200 m showed diploid
level. The diploid race is very scarcely occurred. Most of individuals of D. pallidum
collected from mountain forest above the elevation 1,200 m from three localities in Java showed tetraploid level Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi, 1994;
Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi, 2004. Cytological examination of D. pallidum from Taman Nasional Bukit Dua
Belas TNBD in Sumatra and Bukit Batikap, Muller Range Central Kalimantan has diploid level. These plants grow at 70 – 90 m in TNBD Sumatra and at 200 m
in Muller Range These facts support the hypothesis explained that diploid level of D. pallidum
habits at lowland under 200 m alt. Diplazium petiolare
C. Presl. Two individuals of Diplazium petiolare collected from Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve, West Sumatra, showed diploid 2n =
82. This cytological account is a new record for Malesian ferns. Diplazium porphyrorachis
Baker Diels. Only one individual of D.
porphyrorachis succed its chromosomes counting, viz. tetraploid 2n=164. This
plant TNgP 1885 was found in Gunung Pumpung Sapat, Muller Range Central Kalimantan. This is a new cytological account for Malesia. There is no
cytological report up to this present research.
62 Diplazium procumbens
Holttum. Two individuals from two different localities in, G. Salak and G. Gede, showed triploid only TNgP 1348 and TNgP
1312. Formerly report by Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi 2004 from four localities in West Java and Eas Java also showed 2n=123, triploid. There is no
report of diploid D. procumbens. Cytological observation of this species from Malaya Manton 1954 and Ceylon Manton Sledge 1954 were also revealed
2n = 123, triploid apogamous. Diplazium riparium
Holttum. Two cytotypes of this species were found, namely diploid 2n=82 and triploid 2n=123. The two cytotypes were collected
from the same island Borneo and in different locality. The diploid one was collected from tract to Sungai Sopan-Bukit Batikap Mts. Muller at ca. 240 m
a.s.l. whereas the triploid from track Batu Ayau Mts. Muller at ca. 280 m a.s.l. Since described by Holttum 1940, there is no chromosome observation for this
species. Thus, the two cytotypes are first record for science. Diplazium silvaticum
Bory Swartz. There are two varieties in D. silvaticum,
var. silvaticum that have lanceolate pinnae and var. pinnae-ellipticum new variety proposed in Chapter 9 those have elliptical pinnae. The first variety
revealed tetraploid and found in ‘nature habitat’ of the Bogor Botanic Gardens. Whereas the second variety is triploid and collected from the lowland forest of
Sumatra ca. 20 m. Manton Sledge 1954, reported this species from Ceylon to have ca. 200, while Manton 1953 also reported 2n= ca. 205 from Ceylon.
Abraham et. al. 1962 gave information 2n=205 from South India. Thus, triploid cytotype was first record for science.
Diplazium simplicivenium Holtt. D. simplicivenium, in a glance, similar to
D. dilalatum . As stated by Holttum 1940 this species differs from D. dilatatum
in the following combination characters: scales wider and longer of coarser texture; veins all single a few may be forked on transition pinnae near apex of
fronds but not on the typical larger pinnae, even of large frond; usually not more than 5 pairs of veins; sori occupying ¾ or longer of the length of veins. Three
individual of D. simplicivenium from three localities proved to be 2n=123, triploid. Cytological observations of the species outside of Java were also showed
63 triploid, viz. In Malaya Manton, 1954, Ceylon Manton Seldge 1954, and
New Delhi Bir, 1969. The rough morphological similarity between D. simplicivenium and D.
dilatatum are sometimes cause difficulties to diagnose the two species fast in the
field. Connecting to the same of chromosome numbers, ploidy level, and the similarity of morphological appearances, the two species presumable involve in
the complexity of their species relationship. Diplazium sorzogonense
Presl. All plants examined from Mt. Salak and Mt. Halimun revealed diploid. Two plants from Mt. Salak and Mt. Halimun were
sexual diploid. Morphological examination of both herbarium specimens deposited at BO and living plants growing in Mt. Salak and Mt. Halimun revealed
that this species is varying in size and in the degree of lobing of its pinnae. Diplazium speciosum
Blume . One of the interested matter of D. speciosum
is its morphological variation of fronds. Therefore, two varieties of this species have been described, viz. D. speciosum var. speciosum and D. speciosum
var. major. The two varieties can be recognized by the differences of its lobes and venations.
D. speciosum var. speciosum has lobes moderately toothed, end
rounded; veinlets 7-9 pairs, simple, While, D. speciosum var. major has lobes strongly toothed, end mostly acute; veinlets 10-16 pairs, mostly forked.
However we do not find the differences of the two varieties based on choromosome numbers. All individuls succesfully examined, include the two
varieties, revealed 2n=82, diploid. Three individuals belonging to D. speciosum var. speciosum showed sexual type. While two individuals included in D.
speciosum var. major were not recognized its reproduction type.
Diplazium spiniferum Alderw.
All three plants collected from G. Pumpung Sabat Muller Range, Central Kalimnatan examined are diploid 2n =
82 and one of them showed sexual. There are no cytological record and mode type reproduction information for D. spiniferum until this present observation. D.
spiniferum is one species of Diplazium that can grow on limestones area of
mountain forest at altitude 100-1300 m above sea level of Borneo. Stipe dark green when living with sharply spine and rounded scales are characters that
64 differentiate this species from other bipinnate species of Bornean Diplazium.
The fronds are in varying and usually from bipinnatifid to bipinnate. Diplazium subserratum
Blume Moore. Previous cytological reports of D. subserratum
is not known until this research conducted. Four individulas of D. subserratum
from two localities of Mt. Slamet and Mt. Salak showed three ploidy level: diploid, triploid and tetraploid. Diploid revealed sexual, while those
tetraploid are not known, and those probably sexual of triploid race presumed to be apogamous.
Diplazium subvirescens Praptosuwiryo, sp.nov. Two indvidual plants
collected from Mt. Gede showed triploid 2n = 123, TNgP 1177 and TNgP 1013. This species may closely related to D. virescens that distributed in Japan, Korea,
Taiwan, China and Indochina. Diplazium tomentosum
Blume. Three levels ploidy obtained from cytological observation, viz. Diploid 2n = 82, Mt. Halimun, Java, tetraploid 2n
= 164, Bukit Pal Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas, Sumatra and pentaploid 2n=205, Mt. Halimun, West Java. Diploid and pentaploid race are new
cytological information for science. Cytological observation of this species from Ceylon Manton Sledge 1954 showed only tetraploid and those from Fraser’s
Hill Malaya Manton 1954 reported n = 82. The existence of diploid type and also the higher ploidy level in this species presumed that Malesia, especially Java,
is the center origin for D. tomentosum. Diplazium umbrosum
Smith Bedd. Diplazium umbrosum is belonging to the Diplazium species group with bi-tripinnate leaves. Its segments mostly 3.5-5
mm wide, one basal basiscopic lobes the largest, to 10 by 6 mm, apex blunt or truncate, margin crenate or lobed 13 way to costulet of segments; texture
herbaceous; vein pinnate in each segments 4-6 pairs, mostly forked once in each crenations, on larger crenation pinnate 2-3 pairs of second veinlets. Sori
elongated from near costulet of segments or on middle veinlets. Cytological investigation revealed that there is no differences with the former information
from Java by Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi 2004 collected from Mt. Welirang and Mt. Patuha, in this recent paper one individual of D. umbrosum from Cibodas,
Mt. Gede, showed 2n=82, diploid. Other cytological observation from Europe by
65 Manton in Jermy 1964 gave 2n=ca.82, diploid also, under the name D.
caudatum Cav. Jermy sensu stricto synonim of D. umbrosum.
Diplazium xiphophyllum Bak. C.Chr. Diplazium xiphophyllum is pinnate
species group. Its pinnae 9 pairs, terminal one like the rest; texture thin, drying light brownish. Pinnae elliptical to 26 cm long, 4 cm wide, narrowed gradually to
slightly unequal cuneate base, ubrubtly to acuminate-caudate apex, margin entire to irregularly toothed throughout. Veins in small group, at about 55
o
to costa, commonly of one basal pairs and one central veins which is forked 1-3 times,
scarcely 4 times, sometimes acroscopic basal veins anastomousing with basiscopic basal veins of the nearest vein group or with the nearest branch of
central vein near margin. Three level ploidy for D. xiphophyllum are reported diploid, tetraploid
and hexaploid. The finding of diploid and hexaploid race from Borneo Batu Ayau of Muller Range, Central Kalimantan and Jawa Mt. Salak, respectively,
are new record for science. Meanwhile the tetraploid race is new record for Java and Sumatra. Formerly research was reported tetraploid race from Taiping Hill
Manton 1954. As stated by Holttum 1966 and this study Chapter 2 and 9, D. xiphophyllum
commonly grows in lowland forest and valley forest of moderate mountains. The hexaploid race was found at 1200 m a.s.l. While, in Malaya D.
xiphophyllum was recorded at 914 m s.l. Two individuals tetraploid plant from
Sumatra, TNgP2040b and RI 867, were collected from Jambi at 55 m and from West Sumatra at 950 m, respectively. It appeared that diploid and tetraploid race
of D. xiphophyllum exist at lower altitude than the hexaploid. This cytological study on D. xiphophyllum showed a common phenomena that ploidy levels has
any correlation to habitat gradient. . Diplazium wahauense
Kato, Darnaedi et K. Iwatsuki. Diplazium wahauense
was firstly described by Kato et al. 1991 based on specimen collected from along Jenta River, north of Muara Wahau, East Kalimantan. Since
that time, there is no cytological record for this species up to this present research.. Due to the difficulties on maintaining the living collections of this
species, of the four collections number collected from Muller Range Central
66 Kalimantan, there was only one collection that was successfully examined its
chromosome number, viz. TNgP 1972c. It was tetraploid 2n = 164.
5.3.2. The Relationship between Ploidy level and Morphological Variation within Species and Closely Related Species of Diplazium
Summary of the ploidy levels of Diplazium from West Malesia is presented in Table 5.2. This study showed that intraspecific diversity on West
Malesian Diplazium are high enough. Twelve species of the 31 species successfully examined are having series ploidy. Thirteen species showed only
polyploid race, from triploid and tetraploid. Whereas nine species revealed only diploid race. The relationship between ploidy level and morphological variation
within species and closely related species are discussed below. Diplazium accedens.
All species of D. accedens examined are showing diploid. Nevertheles, morphological variation exist. Three individual of
collections number TR 53 from Sumatra are showing very different appearances: Roots are not bearing buds, stipes sharply spiny, vascular bundles of stipes
transversal sections near blade showing interupted U shape, rachis not gemmiferous, basal pinnae much reduced. While collection number TNgP 1001,
1211, 1399, 1447, 1649, and 1786, from Java bearing buds both on roots and rachise, stipes bearing green protuberances after falling scales, vascular bundles
of stipes transversal sections near blade showing continued U-shape, basal pinnae slightly reduced.
Diplazium accedens is distributed throughout Malesia and grows well on
moist ground by stream or in humid in evergreen forest, by preferences more or less shadowed localties, at 60-1550 m altitude. In very large fronds there are extra
areoles between the normal groups adjacent to the main lateral veins; a specimens having this character formed the basis of Athyrium ridleyi Copeland. Having
opportunity to examine the type specimen of A. ridleyi deposited at SING Ridley 13970 I agree with Holttum 1966 who also included it in the present species. In
my present field work in 2006 at Bukit Tapan, in Kerinci Seblat National Park Sumatra, I found the plants similar to the type specimen of A. ridleyi.
67 This species is closely related to D. proliferum Lam. Thouars, therefore
the two should perhaps be united Holttum, 1940. Andrews 1990 placed this species in the genus Callipteris as Callipteris prolifera Lam. Bory and in his
synonymy includes D. proliferum Lam. Kaulf., Asplenium decussatum Sw., D. accedens
Bl., and D. proliferum var. accedens Bl. v.A.v.R. As stated by Holttum 1940, the name D. accedens is a little complicated.
The three names of D. accedens, D. repandum, and D. Swartzii, all published in the same book by Blume 1828, are to be regarded as synonymous. Later authors
have regarded all as synonyms of Lamarck’s earlier name, or of Asplenium decussatum
Sw.; the names Swartzii and accedens have been taken up and used in the genera Callipteris, Asplenium and Athyrium, but the name D. repandum
appears to have been almost or entirely ignored. Backer Posthumus 1939, however, have revived the name D. repandum, apparently on grounds of page
priority though they do not state this which is not admitted by Rules. In their synonymy, however, they include Diplazium proliferum Thouars, an older name;
their use of the name D. repandum is therefore contrary to the rules. Diplazium angustipinna
. Two cytotypes of D. angustipinna triploid and tetraploid do not show any morphological differents. It is presumed that the
mechanism conctrolled is autopoliploidi. Diplazium bantamense. Diplazium bantamense
is usually found in moist shady forest, chiefly in the hills, sometimes near streams in lowland forest. All
individuals examined here cytologically were collected from highland forest. Assuming that most of diploid are generally living in tropical area diploid race
probably occur in the lowland. Examinations of many living collection grown in Bogor Botanic Gardens nursery and dried specimens housed at BO revealed that
fronds of this species have enough variations on both leaf shape and size of pinnae. Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi 1994 reported four individuals of the
tetraploid sexual and two octoploid sexual of D. bantamense from Gunung Gede- Pangrango National Park, West Java. However the features distinguishing the
tetraploid and octoploid type are unclear. Further examination on chromosome number and its mode reproduction type from all of the range of its habitats,
including from lowland, would clarify their variations.
68 Diplazium cordifolium
. Species concept of D. cordifolium stated by Tagawa dan Iwatsuki 1988 covers individuals having simple frond narrowly
oblong-subdeltoid, cordate at broadest base, narrowing upwards towards acuminate apex, subentire to undulate at margin and individuals having
imparipinnate fronds with a few pairs of lateral pinnae becoming smaller upwards, lateral pinnae sessile, bearing gemmae at junction between rachis and
costa. Tagawa Iwatsuki 1988 treated all morphological variations, the simple fronds D. cordifolium Blume and the pinnate fronds D. integrifolium Blume,
as one entity, viz. D. cordifolium Blume. The cytological evidence of this research supports in differentiating D. cordifolium Blume from D. integrifolium
Blume. The simple fronds plants have one serial ploidy from tetraploid, pentaploid and hexaploid, meanwhile those simply pinnate fronds plants reveal
tetraploid and pentaploid. Observation on living plants revealed that those simple fronds never change into the simply pinnate fronds. However some characters of
the two groups, such as scales, lamina texture, and venation, are similar. Mitsuta 1985 recognized two varieties of Sumatran D. cordifolium, var.
integrifolium Bl. Mitsuta and var. pariens Copel. C.Chr. The two varieties are
differentiated with characters as follow. var. integrifolium has 2-3 pairs of lateral pinnae, and base of terminal pinnae sessile, while var. pariens with 4-6 pairs of
lateral pinnae, and base of terminal pinna usually wide cuneate. Cytological observation showed that the simple fronds revealed a series
ploidy 2n=4x, 5x, dan 6x and those imparipinnate aslo have a series ploidy 2n=4x dan 5x. Morpholigical observation in the living collections revelaed that
the plant with simple fronds did not change into the pinnate fronds. Further morphological differences are provided in the identification key in the Chapter 9.
This study showed that genetic variation within D. cordifolium are varying and has brougth out into the morphological variation. The molecular evidence from
gene rbcL sequence also supported this results Chapter 8. Diplazium crenatoserratum.
As also reported by Holttum 1940, D. crenatoserratum
is a very common fern of lowland forest. This species shows much variation in size and in the degree of lobing of its pinnae. Small plants with
blunt entire pinnae may be fertile. The tetraploid type of Tomoroh Water Fall
69 Muller Range, Central Kalimantan has small size with blunt entire pinnae while
the plants with larger size and pinnae more incision, margin lobed ¼-12 way towards costa, revealed triploid and tetraploid. Therefore it is presumed that there
are no morphological differences between triploid and tetraploi. However further cytological observation of this species for all its range distribution are needed to
clarify this preliminary study. Diplazium dilatatum
. In Japan, two variaties of D. dilatatum have been recognished, viz. D. dilatatum Blume var. dilatatum dan D. dilatatum Blume var.
heterolepis Seriz. Kato, 1995. The first variety are diploid and triploid, while the
second variety is only triploid Takamiya et. al. 1999. The triploid race of Javanese species presumed as var dilatatum, due to morphological similarity with
those of Japanese species. Kato 1995, stated that D. dilatatum var. dilatatum differs from D. dilatatum var. heterolepis in the scales cahacters. D. dilatatum
var. heterolepis has scales at the stipe base lanceolate, to 20 mm long, black at margin. While D. dilatatum var. heterolepis has scales at stipe broadly lanceolate,
10-15 mm long, 1-3 mm broad, hardly black at margin. Javanese plants match to the D. dilatatum var. dilatatum, because its scales characters similar to this
variety, viz. liniery lanceolate, 15 mm long or more, 1 mm wide, yellowish brown at middle, black and sharply toothed at margin. One individual of the tetraploid
and thirteen individuals of triploid of D. dilatatum from West Java were reported by Praptosuwiryo Darnaedi 1994. But, morphological differences between the
two cytotypes are not significant. Diplazium pallidum
. Morphologically, the appearances of the two ploidi level, diploid and triploid, showed much differences. The tetraploid race showed
following character spots: terminal pinna deltoid and deeply lobed; upper base of lateral pinnae broadly truncate, lower base narrowly rounded. Whereas the
diploid race has following characters spots: terminal pinna conform to lateral with one or two lobes; upper base of lateral pinnae rounded, lower base cuneate.
Further examination to see the conssitence of the morphological differences between the two race of D. pallidum diploid dan tetraploid is needed
by examining much more sample from different altitude. In addition, examination
70 of reproduction types, spore mophology, anatomy of the fornds, and isozyme or
DNA analysis would give clarification of the taxonomical status of the two race. Diplazium silvaticum.
There are morphological distinct among the triploid types and tetraploid types. Tetraploid plants have pinnae 8-13 pairs, lower pinnae
lanceolate, 7-15 x 1.6-3 cm, upper base subtruncate, lower base cuneate. Meanwhile the triploid ones have pinnae 2-5 pairs, lower pinnae elliptic, 3.3 -5.4
x 2.0-2.7 cm, upper base subrounded, lower base cuneate. Those tetraploid are sexual, while the triploid are apogamous. It is suggested that the triploid was
originally hybrid. Further studies are needed. Diplazium subserratum.
The differrences of ploidy level is presumed to be correlated to its morphological variations. The results of the morphological
comparison between diploid TNgP 1463 and tetraploid TNgP 1379 is showed in the following characters: The diploid has stipe 1.5 mm diam., length 15 cm;
lamina 34 cm length, 3.1 cm wide in the middle, margin entire; veins forked 2-3 times. While those tetraploid has stipe 1.5-2 mm diam., 13.0-16.5 cm length;
lamina 15-29 cm, 2.0-4 cm wide in the middle; margin 16-23 portion of base entire and waved 13 – 56 portion upper; veins forked 2-4 times. The correlation
between the ploidy level, type of reproduction, and morphological appearance of this species seem very interesting from the point view of speciation in Diplazium.
Therefore more cytological observations of this species over its range areas of distribution are needed to verify the correlation between ploidy levels and
morphological differences. Diplazium tomentosum
. 82diploid TNgP 2336b ; 164teraploid TNgP 2066; 205pentaploid TNgP1722. There are not any significant qualitative
characters differences among the three cytotypes of D. tomentosum. However they have several differences in quantitative. The diploid type has lamina up to
21.5 cm by 10 cm, pinnae up to 14 pairs; veinlets on the largest lobe of basal pinna up to 5 pairs, mostly simple. Tetraploid type has lamina up to 24 cm by 15
cm, pinnae up to 17 pairs; veinlets up to 6 pairs, mostly simple. Whereas the pentaploid type has lamina up to 32 cm by 17 cm, pinnae to 19 pairs; veinlets on
the largest lobe of basal pinna up to 8 pairs, mostly once forked. These results indicate that the ploidy seri in this species is autoploid.
71 Diplazium xiphophyllum
. Three voucher spesimens of the three cytotypes diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid could not be made comparison because they
are in different stage of growth. However qualitatvely the three cytotypes are not different. Therefore it is presumed that they are autoploid.
Diplazium aequibasale, D. riparium and D. wahauense. Diplazium
aequibasale 2n=164, D. riparium 2n=82 and D. wahauense 2n=164 almost
have similar morphological appearances. Diplazium aequibasale have allied form between D. riparium and D. wahauense. D. wahauense is closely related to D.
riparium. Kato et.al. 1991 presumed that D. wahauense derived from D.
riparium which occurs in riparian and dryland forest in Borneo. The two species
share many character, viz. black, somewhat crisped, entire scales, blackish stipes, dark-brown, naked rachis, and imparipinnate leaves with 3-4 pairs of entire lateral
pinnae. D. wahauense differs from D. riparium mainly in its narrow pinnae, which are characteristic of rheophytes.
5.3.3. Relationship between ploidy level and habitat gradient