Types of Spoken Language
5 use an adequate number of lexical units words in order to
accomplish pragmatic purposes 6
produce fluent speech at different rates of delivery 7
monitor your own oral production and use various strategic devices – pauses, fillers, self
– corrections, backtracking – to enhance the clarity of the message
8 use grammatical word classes e.g., nouns, verbs, etc., systems e.g.,
tense, agreement, pluralization, word order, patterns, rules, and elliptical forms
9 produce speech in natural constituents – in appropriate phrases, pause
groups, breath groups, and sentences. Express a particular meaning in different grammatical forms
10 use cohesive devices in spoken discourse
11 accomplish appropriately communicative functions according to
situations, participants, and goals 12
use appropriate registers, implicatures, pragmatic conventions, and other sociolinguistics features in face
– to – face conversations 13
convey links and connections between events and communicate such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information, given
information, generalization, and exemplification 14
use facial features, kinesics, body language, and other nonverbal cues along with verbal language to convey meanings
15 develop and use battery of speaking strategies, such as emphasizing
key words, rephrasing, providing a context for interpreting the meaning of words, appealing for help, and accurately assessing how
well your interlocutor is understanding you
Meanwhile, Nunan 1989:32 states that oral communication can be considered successful if it involves:
1 developing the ability to articulate phonological features of the
language intelligibly 2
mastering intonation patterns, stresses, and rhythms 3
improving transactional and interpersonal competence 4
developing acceptable fluency 5
good skills in taking short and long speaking turns 6
good competence in the management of interaction 7
negotiation of meanings 8
improving conversational listening skills good listener is required in conversation as well as good speaker
9 developing competence in knowing about and negotiating pirposes of
conversations 10
using conversational fillers appropriately