15 develop and use battery of speaking strategies, such as emphasizing
key words, rephrasing, providing a context for interpreting the meaning of words, appealing for help, and accurately assessing how
well your interlocutor is understanding you
Meanwhile, Nunan 1989:32 states that oral communication can be considered successful if it involves:
1 developing the ability to articulate phonological features of the
language intelligibly 2
mastering intonation patterns, stresses, and rhythms 3
improving transactional and interpersonal competence 4
developing acceptable fluency 5
good skills in taking short and long speaking turns 6
good competence in the management of interaction 7
negotiation of meanings 8
improving conversational listening skills good listener is required in conversation as well as good speaker
9 developing competence in knowing about and negotiating pirposes of
conversations 10
using conversational fillers appropriately
d. The Teaching of Speaking
Teaching speaking is different from teaching other skills of English. Because it is a productive skill which needs the activeness of the students to speak
in English, the teacher has to encourage them to be active to produce as many as possible sentences in English. Nunan 2003 states that the means of teaching
speaking to the learners is as follows: 1
producing speech as many as possible 2
use words and sentence stress, intonation patterns, and rhythm of the second language English
3 select appropriate words and sentences according to the proper social
setting, audience, situation, and subject matter 4
organize their thought in a meaningful and logical sequences 5
use language as a means of expressing values and judgments 6
use language as fluency as they can. Yellen, Blake DeVries on their book Integrating the Language Arts
2004 states that to teach speaking skills, as a good teacher, we need to do something as follows:
1 create a positive environment
2 use a good strategy and interesting activity
3 ask the students to speak actively
4 ask the students to be creative learners.
Like teaching another kind of English skills, in teaching speaking, the teacher should use and apply the appropriate teaching methods and techniques.
Using the appropriate teaching methods and techniques is useful for the teacher in the teaching and learning process in order to get students
’ attention and participation in the classroom. According to Brown 2001:14, method is a step-
by-step and generalized set of classroom specifications for accomplishing linguistic objectives. Then, technique is any of a wide variety of activities,
exercises, or tasks used in the classroom to achieve teaching and learning objectives.
There are many methods and techniques which can be used for teaching speaking to the students in the classroom. As the researcher stated before, the
methods and techniques are very useful in teaching speaking in order to get students’ attention and participation in the classroom. Therefore, the methods and
techniques used in teaching speaking should encourage students to use the target language in a certain context and develop their speaking strategies. Related to this,
Brown 2001:275 proposes some principles for designing speaking techniques which can be useful for teaching speaking in the classroom. They are as follows:
1 using techniques that cover the spectrum of learner needs, from
language-based focus on accuracy to message-based focus on interaction, meaning, and fluency,
2 providing intrinsically motivating techniques,
3 encouraging the use of authentic language in meaningful context,
4 providing appropriate feedback and correction,
5 capitalizing on the natural link between speaking and listening,
6 giving students opportunities to initiate oral communication, and
7 encouraging the development of speaking strategies.
