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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
In this chapter, the researcher presents a literature review, review of relevant studies, and conceptual framework. In the literature review and review of
relevant studies, the researcher tries to examine some theories that become the frames of thought of the study. In the conceptual framework, the researcher relates
the theories to the study.
A. Literature Review
The literature review presents the recent theories of the study. It is presented in two sub chapters. The first part presents about the nature of speaking, some
types of spoken language, micro skills of speaking, and the teaching of speaking. The second part discusses about the use of videos as teaching and learning media.
1. Teaching Speaking
a. The Nature of Speaking
Based on Levelt ’s statement 1989:1, speaking is one of the mans most
complex skills. Each normal child starts acquiring it in infancy, clearly driven by a genetically given propensity for language. Moreover, Fulcher 2003: 23 states
that speaking is the verbal use of language to communicate with others. The statement explains that the function of speaking itself is to convey message in the
structure and meaning of all languages.
There are so many definitions of speaking in language learning proposed by other experts. According to Bygate 1987 in Leo and Cely 2010, speaking is a
skill that deserves attention as much as literary skills in both native and foreign languages. In addition, Harmer 2001:269 points out that the ability to speak
fluently presupposes not only knowledge of language features, but also the ability to process information and language ‘on the spot’. Louma 2009:20 states further
that teaching often talks about speaking as a technical term referring to one of the various skills which language learners should develop and have. From those
definitions, it can be concluded that speaking skills include abilities in which learners should develop and have in using language to communicate ideas,
knowledge, and information on their minds to others and respond others’ ideas in the interaction process based on a certain context in which the language is used.
Hadfield 1999 states that speaking is a kind of bridge between the classroom and the world outside for the learners. So, we can say that when the
students have a good ability in speaking, it is possible for them to have a good ability to communicate to the groups or societies outside their classroom.
The experts Clark and Clark 1977:3 defines that in speaking, people express their thoughts through words and talk about perceptions, feelings, and
intentions they want other people to grasp and understand. The same statement is stated by Cameron 2001. She states that speaking is categorized as the
productive uses of language since people use it actively in expressing their ideas to others so that other people can make sense of them.
