40
G. Data analysis techniques
In this research, the data would be collected by using a test. The test would be used to find out the students’ achievement in doing test.
The researcher divided the instrument into a pre-test and a post-test that toward for the subjects of the research. The pre-test conducted based
on the schedule of the English lesson for VIII B and VIII A before the treatment was given to the subject of the research. The pre-test for both
would be given once, while the treatment would be given in six meetings, three meeting per week. The post-test conducted after treatment is
complete. In the post-test, the control group provided a test without doing picture series, and the experimental group would be given a test with
picture series. In this study the researcher used two techniques of analyzing the
data, namely descriptive and inferential statistics. 1.
Descriptive analysis
The descriptive analysis is utilized to describe and interpret the data. The researcher in this case calculated the mean, standard
deviation, and two scores so that the researchers can find out the degree of students’ ability in writing based on the mean and standard
deviation. Descriptive analysis was to provide answer to the research question
formulated about whether there was a significant different in writing
41 ability between the students taught using picture series and those
taught using text books.
Score Categorization
To make the categorization of the score of students’ writing skill, the ideal mean score Mi and the ideal standard deviation ideal score
SDi should be found first. The ideal mean score was sixty percent of the ideal maximum score, and the ideal standard deviation score was
fourth of ideal mean score. Then, the scores of students were categorized into six categories
which can be seen in the following table: Table 7: The written assessment by Anderson 2003:92
Scores 4
3 2
1 Idea and
development Extensive
development of topic,
strong support of main ideas
with details Good
development of topic
Adequate development
of topic, listing of
detail Weak
development of topic
Organization Completely
organized, smooth flow
with strong sequence
Fairly well organized,
flow and sequence
evident Sparsely
organized, lack of
sequence Not organized
Vocabulary Vivid
imaginative word choice,
appropriate use of
vocabulary Good word
choice, simple words
Fair word choice, simple
words Poor or
inappropriate word choice
Sentence structure
Excellent: no errors and a
variety length Adequate:
few errors and some variety
Fair: choppy with variety
Poor: many errors
42 of length
Spelling Error free
Very few error 1 – 5
Some errors 6 – 10
Many errors over 10
Capitalization and
punctuation Error free
Very few error 1 – 5
Some errors 6 – 10
Many errors over 10
2. Inferential analysis
The inferential analysis focused on the answering the question, if there was significant difference in writing ability between students
who were taught using picture series and those who were taught using textbooks.
a. Test of normality
The normality test was used to see whether or not the distribution of responses to the instrument is normal. The formula used to test the
normality of the data was Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Theoretically, if
the value of p is greater than 0.05, the data is normal. If it is below 0.05, the data significantly deviate from a normal distribution.
b. Test of homogeneity
A homogeneity test is used to analyze whether the sample variance is homogeneous or not. In this research, the Levene’s test is
used. It is a formal statistical test for the assumption of homogeneity of variances.
Kategori