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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Literature Review
1. The Nature of Writing
a. Definitions of Writing
Learning English is needed by the students in junior high school. Writing is the important aspect in learning a foreign language. Harmer 2001: 250 states
that writing is one of the productive skills which are closely bound up with the receptive skill work. Students will improve much if they learn more words and
expressions. Richards and Renandya 2002: 203 argues that writing is the most difficult skill in learning foreign language. Richards and Renandya 2002: 316
also state that there are three stages in writing process. 1. Planning, this stage encourages students to write. 2. Drafting, this stage focuses on the fluency of
writing and is not pre occupied with grammatical accuracy of the draft. 3.
Revising, this stage encourages the students to revise through collaborative
writing. Nunan 2002 founds that writing can be defined by series of contrast: 1.
It is a both a physical and mental etc. Basically, writing is the physical act of committing words or ideas to some medium, whether it is hieroglyphics
inked onto parchment or an E-mail message typed into a computer. Whereas, writing is the mental work of inventing ideas, thinking about how to express
7 them, and organizing them into statements and paragraphs that will clear to a
reader. 2.
Its purpose is both to express and impress. Writers typically serve two masters: themselves, and their own desires to express an idea of feeling, and
readers, also called the audience, who need to have ideas expressed in certain.
3. It is both a process and a product. The writer imagines, organizes, drafts,
edits, reads, and rereads. This process of writing is often cyclical, and sometimes disorderly. Ultimately, what the audience sees, whether it is an
instructor or a wider audience is a product: an essay, letter, and story or research report.
b. The Process of Writing
In teaching writing, the teachers should focus on writing process because it helps the teachers to understand what the stages should be used in writing
process. Each step has different role in writing process. These are the stages of the writing process.
a. Prewriting
In this stage, the teachers ask the students to prepare and collect their thoughts and ideas. They can do those through reading a passage,
brainstorming, discussing a topic, or clustering. Brainstorming is an activity
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