42 of length
Spelling Error free
Very few error 1 – 5
Some errors 6 – 10
Many errors over 10
Capitalization and
punctuation Error free
Very few error 1 – 5
Some errors 6 – 10
Many errors over 10
2. Inferential analysis
The inferential analysis focused on the answering the question, if there was significant difference in writing ability between students
who were taught using picture series and those who were taught using textbooks.
a. Test of normality
The normality test was used to see whether or not the distribution of responses to the instrument is normal. The formula used to test the
normality of the data was Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Theoretically, if
the value of p is greater than 0.05, the data is normal. If it is below 0.05, the data significantly deviate from a normal distribution.
b. Test of homogeneity
A homogeneity test is used to analyze whether the sample variance is homogeneous or not. In this research, the Levene’s test is
used. It is a formal statistical test for the assumption of homogeneity of variances.
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c. Test of hypothesis
This test was used to see the significant differences in English writing skill between the eighth grade students of Junior High School
who used picture series and those who used text book. In this study the researcher used SPSS version 21 computer program.
In this case, Analysis of Covariance ANCOVA was used. Fraenkel and Wallen 2006 state that it is used when there are groups
who are given a pre-test related in some way to dependent variable and their mean scores on this pre-test are found to differ. Moreover,
ANCOVA enables the researcher to adjust the post-test mean scores on the dependent variable for each group to compensate for the initial
differences the groups on the pre-test.
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CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Findings
1. Test of Analysis Requirements
a. Test of Normality
A normality test was used to test whether the distribution of research data consistent with the normal distribution. The formula used to test the normality
of the data was the Kolmogorov-Smirnov formula. The data tested were the pre-test and the post-test data in the experimental class and the control class. If
the resulting index P 0.05 α: 5, the data in this study were normally
distributed Carver 2012: 140. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 21. The results can be seen in Table 8.
Table 8: Test of Normality Null Hypothesis
Test Sig.
Decision 1. The distribution of
Unstandardized Residual is normal with mean 0.000 and
standard deviation 0.70. One-sample
Kolomogorov- Smirnov Test
0.360 Retain the null
hypothesis.
2. The distribution of pre-test is
normal with mean 19.109 and standard deviation 1.76.
One-sample Kolomogorov-
Smirnov Test 0.58 Retain the
null hypothesis.
3. The distribution of post-test is
normal with mean 20.359 and standard deviation 1.55.
One-sample Kolomogorov-
Smirnov Test 0.24 Reject the
null hypothesis.
