6. Translation Strategies
The term strategy is often said similar to term technique. In some ways it can be called similar because some experts use these terms with
the same purpose. For example, Peter Newmark proposes some strategies to translate address terms.
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, technique is
a method of doing or performing something whereas strategy is a plan to accomplish a specific goal. This research will use the term strategy related
to Peter Newmark’s theory of strategies to translate address terms. Peter Newmark’s view of translation strategies are applied when a translation
difficulty occurs and the translator wishes to solve the problem and produce a good translation. Thus, translation strategies are means which
consider being the best in order to reach the goals. Based on many experts in translation, there are many translation
strategies to translate a text since different people may understand a word in different ways. Furthermore, there are kinds of expressions such as
addressing terms expression and greetings which are product of culture especially social culture. Address terms in one language probably have
different forms in other languages. It may have distinctive form but the same meaning.
The way in which an address terms can be translated into another language depends on many factors, such as the availability of an address
terms with a similar meaning, the significance of the specific lexical items
which contribute the address terms, and the appropriateness of using address terms in the right way.
Peter Newmark 1988: 81-91 proposes some strategies that can be used to translate address terms:
1 Transference It is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes
transliteration. 2 Naturalization
It adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL.
3 Cultural Equivalent: It means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one.
However, ‘they are not accurate. 4 Functional Equivalent
It requires the use of a culture-neutral word. 5 Descriptive Equivalent
In this procedure the meaning of CBT is explained in several words.
6 Componential analysis It means that comparing an SL word which has a similar meaning
but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components.
7 Synonymy
It is a near TL equivalent. Here economy trumps accuracy. 8 Through-translation
It is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called
calque or loan translation. 9 Shifts or transpositions
It involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, i change from singular to plural, ii the change required when specific
SL structure does not exist in the TL, iii change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth.
10 Modulation It occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original
text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective.
11 Recognized translation It occurs when the translator uses the official or the generally
accepted translation of any institutional term. 12 Compensation
It occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part.
13 Paraphrase In this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the
explanation is much more detailed than descriptive equivalent.
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