believable. The process validity was obtained by doing a triangulation technique. The researcher reports the result of the implementation of the process approach
from two different points of view. They are from the collaborator and the grade VIII E students.
4. Dialogic validity This validity was obtained by discussing the research findings with the
English teacher, collaborator and students. The members of discussion were invited to give their opinions and comments related to the research report.
5. Catalytic validity Catalytic validity refers to how the people involved on the research
respond to their own internal changes and how they can make change within the research. To establish this validity, the responses were considered to modify the
process.
G. Reliability of the Data
Anderson in Burns 2010: 95-96 says that applying triangulation to data collection means that a combination of angles on the data will help give us more
objectivity. The aim of triangulations is to gather multiple perspectives on the situation being studied.
It proved that the researcher’s reflections and conclusions were supported by the data and not just by her own biases. In this research, the
researcher used time triangulation, space triangulation, and researcher triangulation.
1. Time triangulation
It means collecting the data at different points in time. The researcher observed the teaching and learning process and interviewed the teacher and the
students before and after the actions.
2. Space triangulation
It means that the data are collected across different subgroups of people. The researcher conducted the action in the class that consists of 32 students who
have different abilities in writing. 3. Investigator triangulation
It means that more than one observer who used in this research setting. In this case, the researcher invited the teacher and another observer from the same
major.
H. Steps of the Research
The procedure of this research was referred to four steps in action research. The four steps were taken based on the Kemmis and McTagart 1988
theory. Kemmis and McTagart in Burns 2010:9 developed a concept for action research which proposed a spiral model comprising four steps: plan, act, observe
and reflect see Figure 1. The four steps are explained as follows.
Figure 1: Action research model developed by Kemmis and McTaggart in Burn, 2010
a. Reconnaissance
Firstly, the researcher did preliminary study by identifying the problems in the classroom during the teaching and learning process. She identified the
problems through observing the writing teaching and learning process and interviewing the English teacher and students. In this stage, she also conducted the
pre-test in order to measure the students’ abilities in writing. The result of the
preliminary study guided the researcher to determine the problem of the study, the objective of the study, the instruments, the data collection techniques, the data
analysis, and anything related to the research preparation.
