Figure 1: Action research model developed by Kemmis and McTaggart in Burn, 2010
a. Reconnaissance
Firstly, the researcher did preliminary study by identifying the problems in the classroom during the teaching and learning process. She identified the
problems through observing the writing teaching and learning process and interviewing the English teacher and students. In this stage, she also conducted the
pre-test in order to measure the students’ abilities in writing. The result of the
preliminary study guided the researcher to determine the problem of the study, the objective of the study, the instruments, the data collection techniques, the data
analysis, and anything related to the research preparation.
b. Planning The researcher formulated plans to conduct the research based on the
problems found in the teaching and learning process. In specific definition, this step discussed the planning before she planned the materials, the target of
learning, the indicators of learning, the time allocation, the assessment used in which usually it was stated in the form of lesson plans.
b. Action In this step, the researcher tried to implement the plans of actions that had
been stated previously. Modification was permitted as long as it did not break the principles which had been formulated. Related to the research project, she
implemented the research planning that was explained in the form of lesson plans. The lesson plans were needed as guidance to describe the effectiveness of
collaborative technique in writing narrative texts. c. Observation
This action ideally was done by the researcher and the collaborators. This way was considered very ideal to reduce the subjectivity of the data collected. In
this research, the researcher work collaboratively with the English teacher and the researcher’s colleague as the collaborators. They helped the researcher to record
all the changes in the classroom during implementations of the actions in the cycle.
d. Reflection After doing the observation, the researcher reflected on the findings. She
and the collaborators discussed together to analyze the data collected from the
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