a. Orientation
This is the beginning of the story in which the writer tells the audience about who the characters in the story are, where the story is taking place, and
when the action happens can be a paragraph, a picture or opening chapter b. Complication
The story is pushed along by a series of event, during which we usually expect some sort of complication or problem to arise. It just would not be so
interesting if something unexpected did not happen. This complication will involve the main characters. Narrative mirror the complication we face in life
and tend to reassure us that they are resolvable. c. Resolution
In a “satisfying” narrative, a resolution of complication is brought about. The complication may be resolved for better or for worse, but it is rarely left
completely unresolved although this of course possible in certain types of narrative, which leave us wondering how the end is.
5. Collaborative Writing Technique a. The Definition of Collaborative Writing Technique
Harmer 2004:12 says that collaborative writing is a way of planning, drafting, reflecting, and revising by having students involved together in a process
of writing. It allows students to get involved when they are working in group. In addition, they also could learn from each other.
Murray in Supiyani 2011 states that collaborative writing is essentially a social process through which writers looked for areas of shared understanding.
The participants in groups discuss the goals which they are going to write. They also exchange idea, thought, and knowledge between them. Then they produce a
text as a collaborative work in one session. Furthermore, Reid 1993 suggests that collaborative writing efforts can
increase motivation, risk-taking and tolerance among learners. Collaborative writing can maximize student interaction and writing can be more productive and
enjoyable. In a true collaborative environment, each contributor has an equal ability
to add, edit, and remove text. Each member of the group contribute to their group writing in order to produce a better writing. Collaborative authoring, therefore,
requires effective communication between members of the writing group. Additionally, working collaboratively can enhance student interaction in the
classroom, lower the anxiety associated with completing tasks alone, and raise students’ self-confidence.
The communication requirements of the writing task are: task division, brainstorming, editing, general discussion, and goal setting. Besides facilitating
the processes of writing, the language and written texts are the products of the group as well as the means of communication. When writing, the author may take
times making notes or comments about the text within the text itself. Collaborative authoring, therefore, requires meaningful communication between
group members in the writing of a shared document.
b. Organizing Collaborative Writing
Talking about collaborative writing as a technique in teaching writing to students, it is better to consider how to organize
students’ writing activities. The students need some more direction to go with the activities and the teachers as a
facilitator will provide it. According to Dale 1997 there are five points to be taken into consideration when teachers organize collaborative writing in a
classroom. 1 Forming groups
Forming groups is done by the teacher to put students in a diverse group. It is a teachers’ task to arrange them into different group because if students from
their own groups, they tend to make homogeneous ones. One consideration to form diverse groups is that it creates a positive group that enhances each member
to interact with partners and assert their individual view. 2 Providing time
Since collaborative writing a bit takes time, that time must be provided for students. Students will have chance to assign their works and make their own
discussion. 3 Primary-writer system
This activity is when teachers need to set certain tasks which make students contribute to their works. So, each member of the group is involved in their group
work. 4 Assignments
