Thinking Framework THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
educational theory in practice, or as a means of evaluating and implementing whole school priorities.”
1
In line with Hopkins, John W. Creswell cites from Mills that “action
research are systematic procedures done by teacher or other individuals in an educational setting to gather information about, and subsequently improve, the
ways their particular educational setting operates, their teaching and their student lear
ning.”
2
Meanwhile, David Kember defines “action research is portrayed as a cyclical or spiral process involving steps of planning, acting, observing, and
reflecting.”
3
From brief description above, it can be concluded that action research is a research that is done by the teacher or individual which have an educational
background contains with cyclical procedures which emphasizes practice and improves the quality in teaching and learning
Classroom action research offers a positive effect for student and teacher. The effect gives improvement in the quality of teaching and learning itself to
make student learning outcomes better. David Kember states “action researchers set out with the avowed intenti
on of improving their practice.”
4
In line with that, the goal of action research according to John Creswell is
“to improve the practice of education by studying issues or problem they face.
”
5
Moreover, The function of classroom action research itself is
“as a tool to repair the quality and efficiency in learning process at the classroom
.”
6
Based on the explanation above, the main goal of action research are to improve the quality of teaching and learning and to
solve the specific educational problem by focusing in the practice and raising the students’ learning outcomes.
1
David Hopkins, A Teacher’s Guide to Classroom Research, New York: Bell and Bain
Ltd., 2008, p. 1.
2
John W. Creswell, Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Boston: Pearson, 2012, p. 577.
3
David Kember, Action Learning and Action Research, New York: Routledge,2010, p. 25.
4
Ibid.
5
John W. Creswell. loc. cit.
6
Zainal Arifin, Penelitian Pendidikan, Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2011, p, 101.
In the classroom action research, there are four different designs. The first design is Kurt Lewin, the second is Mc el Kemmis and Mc Taggart’ design, the
third is John Elliott’s design and the last is Dave Ebbutt’s design. The writer in
this research used Ku rt Lewin’s design in which the cycle divided into four steps
are planning, acting, observing and reflecting.
7
The second cycle will be conducted if the first cycle is unsuccessful. See Figure 3.1
CYCLE 1
CYCLE 2
Figure 3.1 Kurt Lewin’s Action Research Design
Here, the explanation of action research procedure steps based on Kurt Lewin’s design as follows: