42 the students in learning English especially writing and to gather the information
about the teaching and learning process. The researcher also conducted some interviews with some students and the English teacher at the end of every meeting
to gather the information about the actions implemented in the teaching and learning process and used it as the reflection for the next meeting.
3. Camera and Recorder The photograph and video were taken during the teaching and learning
process by the collaborator. They were used to know about the stituation happened in the teaching and learning process.
4. Writing Rubric The writing rubric was used to score the students’ work. There were
some categories which were scored using the writing rubric. They were content, organization, grammar, vocabulary, m
echanics. The students’ writing were scored by the researcher and the English teacher. The scores that were used were gotten
from the pre-test and post-test done by the students. The scores showed whether there was an improvement before the actions were implemented and after the
actions were implemented. The writing rubric that was used was writing rubric by H. Jacobs et al. 1981 in Reid 1993: 236-237.
E. Data Collection Techniques
The data were collected in the form of qualitative data and quantitative data. The qualitative data were in the form of vignettes, interview transcripts,
43 photographs, and videos got from the observation. The quantitative data were in
the form of the pre-test, Cycle I, and post test scores. The process of collecting the qualitative data will be explained as follows:
1. Observations
Observations were done to gather the information about the situation during the teaching and learning process. The first observation was done on
January 22
nd
, 2014 in order to know the students’ difficuties and the process of the
English teaching and learning before the actions. The observation was also done during the implementation of the action. It was done to gather information from
live situation. The researcher observed the condition of the teaching and learning process and the students’ behaviour during the class. During the observation, the
researcher gained data in the form of vignettes, photographs, and videos. The researcher collaborated with the English teacherand the
researcher’s colleagues to gain the data.
2. Interviews
The interview was done in the reconnaissance step to gather information about the problems existed in the English teaching and learning process. It also
helped the researcher to identify the problem. Interviews also conducted by the researcher at the end of every meeting to know the students
’ and the collaborator’s responses about the actions implemented. The data gained from the interview
helped her to reflect on the weaknesses of the actions.
